Chap 2: Presenting Data in

Tables & Charts

Excel Tutorial
 Analysis Tool Pack
• In order to obtain Data analysis option
(which contains various statistical
functions) in your Excel menu you need to
install “Analysis Tool Pack”
• In order to Install ITP follow the following
commands
 In the main
menu select
Tools/Add-inns
 In the Add-inns
options Check the
first two options
Press ok. This will
add the option of
Data Analysis in
the Tools menu
Frequency Distribution
Example 2.12 (pg # 57)
• Using Excel to make
• Frequency Distribution
• Percentage Distribution
• Cumulative Percentage Distribution
• Solution:
• We take the class interval as 7. Which means
that there will be 7 classes in the frequency
distribution of electricity costs during the month
of July for the sample of 50 one-bedroom
apartments.
=f4 –f5
Class boundaries will be prepared
manually using the drag option
according to the interval of 19
 To find the
frequencies select
the frequency
column.
Do not select the
label !!

Then Press the

functions button
and choose the
option of
Frequency
Select the data array. Costs of
electricity bills of 50 houses
(A2:A51)
 Add the range of upper class
boundaries In the bins array .
(H2:H8)

Press ctrl + Shift + Enter

DO NOT PRESS OK !!
Frequency Distribution of
electricity costs of 50 one-
bedroom apartments
during the month of July
2001.
 Calculate the
midpoints of the
classes by taking
the average of UCB
and LCB of each
M.P of First class class
= (100.5 + 81.5)/2
= 91
 Relative Frequency
and
Percentage Distribution
To calculate the relative frequency
we divide the frequency of the
class with the total frequency.
For example
R.F of first class = 4/50 (G3/G$10)
We add the dollar sign so that the
denominator stays the same when
we drag the cursor down
Sum of the R.F’s
should be equal to 1
or very close to it
 To calculate the
“relative percentages”
we multiply the R.F’s by
100
 Sum of the Relative
Percentages should be
equal to 100
Cumulative Percentage
Distribution
Add another class at the
bottom of the classes
C.P shows the % of values
falling below a particular
class. C.P for the first class
is 0. For remaining classes it
is obtained by adding R.P
and C.P of the previous
class
Graphical Presentation of
Data
• Different graphs and charts are used for
the graphical presentation of data. In this
demonstration we shall cover
• Histogram
• Percentage Polygons
• Cumulative Percentage Polygon
• Bar Chart
• Pie Chart
• Pareto Diagram
For making
• Histogram
• Percentage Polygon
• Cumulative Percentage Polygon
Which are the graphical tools for presenting
Quantitative Data
We use example 2.12 on page 57
Select Tools/data analysis
from the main menu
 Select Histogram from
the Data analysis menu
Select the input range as
the 50 sample values

Select the Upper class

boundaries as the bin
range

Check the chart output

check box
PRESS OK
 This is the Histogram
for the data but it
requires some
adjustments as there
should be no gaps
between the bars of the
Histogram
Right click on the bars
of the Histogram and
select the option of
Format Data series
Select Options and
reduce the gap
width to 0
 There is no gap
between the bars
now
Make other necessary
adjustments for better
presentation
Percentage Polygon is formed
by having the midpoint of each
class represent the data in that
class and then connecting the
sequence of midpoints at their
respective class percentages.
Choose the chart wizard from
the main menu. Select line
graphs and then select the
first option In the second row
for making the line graphs
and then click next.
Select the relative
percentages in the
data range.
Select Series option.
In Category (X) axis
labels enter the mid
points range.
Then Click Next
Add titles for the X
and Y axis series
and the chart titles.
Then click finish
 Enhance the
diagram by
removing
unwanted labels
and using better
coloring.

Optionally, to
remove/change
background color,
select the graph –
right click – select
Format Plot Area
To obtain the Cumulative
Percentage Polygon. We
repeat the same process
by selecting C.P’s in
place of R.P’s
 Mid point of the
additional class has
also been
calculated
• For the purpose of making
• Bar chart
• Pie chart
(Used for presenting “Qualitative Data”)
• We use the following table (Table 2.7 on page
61 of the book)

Fund Objective No of Funds % of Funds

Growth & Income 26 18.98
International 42 30.66
Mid cap 20 14.6
Small Cap 37 27.01
Technology 12 8.76
Total 137 100
From the chart wizard
in the menu select the
option of bar chart
then click Next
 In the Data Range select
the series (in this case the
number of funds in each
category)
Then select the Series
option on the top of the
window
 In the category (X)
axis labels input the
labels range (in this
case the fund
objective column).
Then click Next
Add the suitable titles
and click Next /Finish
 Make necessary
changes to make the
chart more
presentable.
 Bar chart can also be
made for two or more
series. By using other
options in the bar chart
menu.
 In order to make the
pie chart select the
option of pie from the
chart wizard
In the Data Range select
the series (in this case
percentage of funds in
each category).
Then select the Series
option.
 In Category labels
select the label series
(in this case the fund
objective).
Then click Next
Add a suitable title for
the chart
 In the data labels
check the options of
category name and
percentage or
whatever is suitable.
Then click Next
 Color scheme and
other aspects of the
chart can be changed
by right clicking on
the chart.
• In order to prepare a “Pareto Chart” we use
problem 2.29 in the book on page 66.
• Data table is as follows

Reasons for Failure Frequency

Physical Connection 1
Power Failure 3
Sever Software 29
Server Hardware 2
Server out of Memory 32

In adequate Bandwidth 1
 Select
PHStat /Descriptive
Statistics /One-way
Tables & Charts
From the main menu of
PHStat
 In the types of Data
select the table of
frequencies

In the table of Cell

Range select the
complete table and
check the option of
“first row contains
labels”

Check the option of Pareto

Diagram and press ok
This adds three sheets
on the menu of excel
work sheet. The sheet
named Pareto contains
this Pareto diagram.
 Pareto diagram and this
table shows that 90% of the
time failures occur due to
only two reason
Server out of Memory
Server Software

The one way table

shows the necessary
calculations. Enhance
Delete the sheet the table & diagram for
named “DataCopy” better presentation.
 Using the same
procedure bar chart and
pie chart can also be
prepared for the
“Qualitative Data”
Using the PHStat menu