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CH3
As OH
OH
CH3
As CH3
OH
These are more toxic than the corresponding +5 species, which in turn are more toxic than arsenate, As(O)(OH)3
Intake of 70 to 300 mg of arsenic trioxide may be fatal. Death typically occurs between 12 to 48 hours but can occur within one hour. Those who survive arsenic trioxide poisoning may develop encephalopathy or severe peripheral neuropathies.
Symptoms of acute poisoning usually occur within one hour of ingestion but may be delayed for up to 12 hours, particularly in the presence of food. The principle toxic effects are hemorrhagic gastro-enteritis, profound dehydration, cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions, muscle cramps, shock and death.
http://www.gettingwell.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/ars_0 026.shtml (accessed April 2005)
Toxicity from dietary intake of arsenicup to 60 g/day dailyis relatively low. Intakes of higher amounts of arsenic on a chronic basis may cause hyperkeratosis, especially of the palms and soles, skin pigmentation, eczematous or follicular dermatitis, edema (especially of the eyelids), alopecia, muscle-aching and weakness, stomatitis, excessive salivation, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, jaundice, cirrhosis, ascites, peripheral neuropathy, paresthesias, proteinuria, hematuria and anuria. Chronic-high arsenic ingestion has been associated with various cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma and bladder, liver and lung cancers. The nail changes associated with arsenic toxicity are known as Mees' lines or transverse striate leukonychia.
Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Chile, China, Hungary, India, Mexico, Mongolia, Peru, Thailand and the United States of America Adverse health effects documented in: Bangladesh, China, India (West Bengal), Mongolia and the United States of America Arsenic in drinking-water will cause 200,000 270,000 deaths per year from cancer in Bangladesh alone.
Recent studies estimate that 2-100 children per million exposed to PTW during early childhood may develop lung or bladder cancer later in life as a result of this exposure
Salvarsan: used to treat syphilis until the advent of penicillin in the 1950s
Neoarsphenamine: used in the treatment of syphilis until the advent of penicillin in the 1950s.
Melarsoprol: currently used in treatment of sleeping sickness, Trypanosoma brucei rhodense and gambiense. May also cure chromic lymphocytic leukemia. As2O3 is used to treat acute promyelocyte leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia and some cases of lymphoma or esophageal cancer. J. Chem. Educ., 2003, 80, 497
Roxarsone: growth promoting and antibiotic agent in poultry. Annual emission estimated to be 900,000 kg.
4-hydroxy-3-arsanilic acid
p-arsanilic acid or 4-
aminophenylarsonic acid
tetramethylarsonium iodide
arsenobetaine AsB
arsenocholine AsC
http://courses.umass.edu/chemh01/
http://courses.umass.edu/chemh01/
Both at high tech end (HPLC with plasma source emission or mass spectrometry) . . . and at the low tech end (naked eye detection).
Rahman et al.,Effectiveness and Reliability of Arsenic Field Testing Kits: Are the Million Dollar Screening Projects Effective or Not? Env. Sci. Technol, 2002, 36, 5385-5394.
290 samples: FTK vs HG-AAS vs Ag-DDTC; false negatives were as high as 68% and false positives up to 35%.
2,866 samples from previously labeled wells: HG-AAS; 45% mislabeling in the lower range (< 50 ppb), for 70 - 600 ppb, 4 - 10% mislabeled
Millions of dollars are being spent without scientific validation of the field kit method. Facts and figures demand improved, environmentally friendly laboratory techniques to produce reliable data.
Caldwell, et al. Searching for an optimum solution to the Bangladesh arsenic crisis, Social Science & Medicine, 2003, 56, 20892096..
The reason for caution about precipitating a great suspicion of tubewells or a rapid turning against them is that no alternative source of water may prove very satisfactory.
the most urgent need is not changing the source of water but comprehensive national water testing providing essential information to households about which wells are safe and which are not . . . all progress depends on nationwide testing and retesting of all tubewells, a process that has hardly started.
Hossain Arsenic Contamination in BangladeshAn Overview,, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2006, 113, 1-16 2.5 million tube wells, 128 million people
No-one has devised practical methods of ground water remediation, most studies and actions have focused on testing tube well water for arsenic. Field kits used to measure As in the regions groundwater are unreliable and that many wells in Bangladesh have been labeled incorrectly
Melamed, Monitoring As in the environment: a review of science and technologies with the potential for field measurements, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2005, 523, 1-13.
Accurate, fast measurement of arsenic in the field remains a technical challenge. Technological advances in a variety of instruments have met with varying success. However, the central goal of developing field assays that reliably and reproducibly quantify arsenic has not been achieved.
A procedure capable of the reliable on-site determination of arsenic in ground water at single digit ppb concentrations is needed.
Can be used on site by inexperienced operators. Costs nothing. Field deployable criterion rules out the best technique: atomic spectrometry Candidates: electrochemistry, solution spectrophotometry, and Gutzeit-type test kits
Spectrophotometric methods? Two candidates: (a) molybdenum blue, and (b) silver diethyldithiocarbamate Arsenate + molybdate + acid + reducing agent gives blue color due to formation of heteropoly species containing both MoIV and MoVI. Arsenate converted to arsine, evolved and trapped in a solution of AgDDC in non-aqueous solvent containing a base. A red color forms due to colloidal silver formation
Spectrophotometric methods?
Two candidates: (a) molybdenum blue, and (b) silver diethyldithiocarbamate. Both have problems as basis of field deployable procedure. AgDDC complicated.
Molybdenum blue has possibilities but reaction is slow and non-specific. There is current activity: e.g.
Dhar et al., A rapid colorimetric method for measuring arsenic concentrations in groundwater, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2004, 526, 203-209
Dhar et al., A rapid colorimetric method for measuring arsenic concentrations in groundwater, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2004, 526, 203-209
Maybe. Matsunaga et al., Naked-eye detection of trace arsenic in aqueous media using molybdenum loaded chelating resin having b-hydroxypropyl-di(b-hydroxyethyl)amino moiety Talanta, 2005, 66, 1287-1293
The color developed fully after heating for 4 h at 40 oC. The 20-min (45% max color) detection limit was 1 x 10-6 mol dm-3
Cardwell et al. Pervaporation flow injection determination of arsenic based on hydride generation and the molybdenum blue reaction ACA, 2001, 445, 229-238. Determination of arsenic by pervaporation flow injection hydride generation and permanganate spectrophotometric detection, ACA 2004, 510, 225-230.
Prospects:
Our approach: Pervaporation into an acceptor solution containing iodate and permanganate with detection by visible spectrophotometry. Performance was superior to those of procedures based on (a) the molybdenum blue chemistry, which requires on-line heating, and (b) pervaporation into permanganate alone. LOD 0.5 ppb
Gutzeit test?
Arsenate + zinc + acid produces AsH3. Soluble in water to 780 mg/L, but dissolved salts and H2 evolution transferAsH3 into head space. AsH3 reacts with mercuric bromide impregnated test strip. Yellow-brown color produced after set time is compared with preprinted chart.
Modifications to Hach Test Field test kits offer the only plausible approach for mass screening Kinniburgh & Kosmus, Talanta, 2002, 58, 165-180. Speed up reaction by HG with borohydride? Improve accuracy and precision by increasing the time to 24 h? Read color by scanning and interrogating the RGB values of image pixels?
Mathews et al, Quantitative assay for starch by colorimetry using a desktop scanner, J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 702-704.
Twenty-four hour version of test Current test kit does not detect below 10 ppb Response in 10 50 ppb range inconsistent Signals observed for 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20 ppb 1 ppb response was clearly different from that of the blank 24-hr technique not reliable for 15 ppb.
Suggests a way of tuning the range of responses based on choice of time before reading strip.
Mathews, et al., Quantitative assay for starch by colorimetry using a desktop scanner, J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 702-704.
250
Resolution 400
Resolution 800
Resolution 1200
200
B Value
150
100
50
Concentration (ppb)
Frequency of oscillation of a piezoelectric quartz crystal is dependent on the mass. Manufacturers literature suggests that mass changes of 1 ng can be detected. The referred literature does not really support this. Also suggests that frequency changes due to factors other than mass, such as visco-elasticities of interphases, are more important. Well find out.
HPLC-HG-ICP-OES
Argon Column
MSIS
ICP HCl
Sample flow rate 1ml/min Argon flow 0.55 l/min NaBH4 0.5% in 0.1% NaOH NaBH4 flow rate 1.5 ml/min HCl 16 M flow rate 0.05 ml/min
25
20
Concentration (ug/g)
15
10
25
20
Concentration (ug/g)
15
10
25
20
Concentration (ug/g)
15
10
25
20
Concentration (ug/g)
15
10
80
70
Concentration (ug/g)
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
As(III)
DMA
MMA
As(V)
Total
Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation: Special Grant Program in the Chemical Sciences. Feb 2006.
As2O5
15 - 20
42 - 48
30 - 38
300,000 metric tons of inorganic arsenic have been used for wood preservation since 1975.