Dominant and Recessive

dr. Triwani, M.Kes

Genotype
The

genes that an organism has, written in letters. Ex: Bb, bb, Tt, Ss, cc

Phenotype
The

appearance of or the physical characteristics of an organism Ex: tall, curly hair, blue eyes

Dominant Gene
A

gene that overpowers other genes; or is always seen; represented by capital letters Ex: C=curly, B=brown eyes

Recessive Gene
A

gene that can be overpowered or hidden; or is not always seen; represented by lower case letters Ex: c= straight hair, b= blue eyes

What is a trait?
Genetically determined characteristic What does genetically determined mean? Whatever was passed on to you from your parents This determines how you will look.

What is a trait?
More specifically, it is all the instructions your parents gave you so that you could actually make yourself! Your Mom gives you of the instructions, your Dad gives you the other . How can you tell?

What is a trait?
Your Mom gives you of the instructions, your Dad gives you the other . Your Mom gives you one allele of that gene and your Dad gives you one allele of that gene and you put them together to make a chromosome.

Where does this happen?

The DNA or genes in the nucleus of the cell contains the building instructions Those instructions are copied and carried outside the nucleus where they will act

What instructions or genes you have from your parents are said to be your genotype What people see on the outside is your phenotype So your genotype determines your phenotype!

Where do traits come from?

Your parents pass them down through genetic traits. You receive half of your genes from each parent Each person has about 70,000 pairs of genes. Genes can be dominant or recessive

Dominant Traits vs. Recessive Traits

Dominant trait-Strongest trait Dominant trait-Masks or covers up the weaker trait

Which hair color do you think is dominant? Which eye color do you think is dominant? Which hair color do you think is recessive?

Formal Definition
Dominant Trait: the trait observed n the first generation when parents that have different traits are bred. Recessive Trait: a trait that reappears in the second generation after disappearing in the first generation when parents with different traits are bred.

Common Misconception
Recessive Traits are not rare traits. Dominant or recessive traits may be more common in a population. Example: Blonde hair is very common in parts of Scandinavia. Example: The trait of having six fingers on one hand is a dominant trait!

Earlobe
Free earlobes
(dominant trait) hang below the point of attachment to the head. Attached ear lobes (recessive trait) are attached directly to the side of the head.

Thumbs
Straight thumbs (dominant trait) can be seen as nearly a straight line and may contain a slight arch when viewed from the side as in the illustrations. Curved thumbs (recessive trait) can be seen as part of a circle.

Forelock
A White Forelock (dominant
trait) is a patch of white hair, usually located at the hairline just above the forehead. The photo to the left clearly shows an exaggerated white forelock. No White Forelock is the recessive trait.

Dimples

Chin

Tongue Roller

Freckles

Eyelashes

Brown eyes dominant

Hair Line

Hair Type

Hair Color

Eyes

Lips

Skin Pigment

Vision

Tongue to Nose

Fingers

Do you have hair on your knuckles?

Index finger greater in length than ring finger

Index finger lesser in length than ring finger

Interlaced Fingers
Without thinking about it, interlace your fingers like the picture shows. If your left thumb is over your right, then you have the dominant trait.

Pinkie
Bent pinky (dominant trait) vs. Straight pinky (recessive trait): 1. Hold your hands together as if you are covering your face.
2.

If the tips of the pinkies (or baby fingers) point away from one another, the pinkies are bent (recessive trait).

Race and phenotype in North America White, Black, Mestizo (Hispanic), Asian.

Mendelian Traits in Humans

Mendelian Traits in Humans

Mendelian Traits in Humans

PEDIGREE ANALYSIS OF AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT DISORDERS

The normal allele is recessive, and the abnormal allele is dominant. A good example of a rare dominant phenotype with Mendelian inheritance is pseudoachondroplasia, a type of dwarfism. People with normal stature are genotypically d/d, and the dwarf phenotype in principle could be D/d or D/D.

The human pseudoachondroplasia phenotype, illustrated by a family of five sisters and two brothers.

Pedigree of a dominant phenotype determined by a dominant allele A.

Pedigree for the ability to taste the chemical PTC.

A rare dominant phenotype of the human hand.

Polydactyly, a dominant phenotype characterized by extra fingers, toes, or both, determined by an allele P.

The numbers in the accompanying pedigree (b) give the number of fingers in the upper lines and the number of toes in the lower.

PEDIGREE ANALYSIS OF X-LINKED RECESSIVE DISORDERS

The inheritance of the X-linked recessive condition

hemophilia in the royal families of Europe.

The inheritance of the X-linked recessive condition

hemophilia in the royal families of Europe.

Four siblings with testicular feminization syndrome (congenital insensitivity to androgens).

All four subjects in this photograph have 44 autosomes plus an X and a Y chromosome, but they have inherited the recessive X-linked allele conferring insensitivity to androgens (male hormones). One of their sisters (not shown), who was genetically XX, was a carrier and bore a child who also showed testicular feminization syndrome

PEDIGREE ANALYSIS OF X-LINKED DOMINANT DISORDERS Affected males pass the condition to all their daughters but to none of their sons Affected heterozygous females married to unaffected males pass the condition to half their sons and daughters. There are few examples of X-linked dominant phenotypes in humans. One example is hypophosphatemia, a type of vitamin Dresistant rickets

PEDIGREE ANALYSIS OF X-LINKED DOMINANT DISORDERS

All the daughters of a male expressing an X-linked dominant phenotype will show the phenotype. Females heterozygous for an X-linked dominant allele will pass the condition on to half their sons and daughters.

Y-linked inheritance

Hairy ear rims.

Medical genetic 2002 An Introduction of Genetic Analysis 8th ed 2006 Color Atlas of Genetics 3rd ed 2007