Anatomy and Physiology of Nose

Prepared by : Nurul Syazwani Binti Ramli

Anatomy of Nose
Nose

External

Internal (nasal cavities)

Bony Part

Cartilaginous Part

Skin-lined portion (Vestibule)

Mucosa-lined portion (Nasal cavity proper)

External Nose
Pyramidal in shape (root up & base downward) Consists of osteocartilaginous framework covered by muscles and skin.

External Nose
Bony Part Osteocartilaginous framework -Upper one-third -2 nasal bone

Cartilaginous
Part

-lower two-thirds -it consists of : a) Upper lateral cartilages

b) Lower lateral cartilages (alar cartilages) c) Lesser Alar (sesamoid) cartilages d) Septal cartilage

Nasal Musculature

-F(x) : movement of nasal tip, ala and the overlying skin -eg: procerus, nasalis (transverse and alar parts), levator labii superioris laeque nasi, ant. and post. dilator nares and depressor septi. -over nasal bone and upper lateral cartilages is thin and freely mobile -cover alar cartilges is thick and adherent and contain many sebaceous gland

Nasal Skin

External Nose

Internal Nose
Divided into right and left nasal cavities Communicates with:
Exterior: through naris (nostril Nasopharynx: through post. nasal aperture (choana)
Vestibule Internal Nose Nasal Cavity Proper Has a lateral wall, a medial wall, a roof and a floor -lined by skin and contains sebaceous glands, hair follicles and hair (vibrissae)

Internal Nose
Turbinates (conchae) -superior -middle -inferior -superior -middle -inferior

Lateral nasal wall Meatus Medial wall

Nasal Cavity Proper Roof

Floor

Internal Nose
Lateral nasal wall

Nasal Cavity Proper

Medial wall (nasal septum) Roof Floor

1) Columellar septum 2) Membranousseptum 3) Septum proper

Internal Nose
Lateral nasal wall Medial wall Nasal Cavity Proper Roof

Anterior Sloping Part :- nasal bones

Posterior Sloping Part :- body of sphenoid bone
Middle Horizontal Part :cribriform plate of ethmoid

Floor

Internal Nose
Lateral nasal wall Medial wall Nasal Cavity Proper Roof Anterior three-fourths :- palatine process of the maxilla Floor Posterior one-fourth :- horizontal part of the palatine bone

Lining Membrane of Internal Nose

Vestibule Lined by skin containing hair, hair follicles and sebaceous glands Olfactory region Mucous membrane is paler in colour Respiratory region Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium which contains plenty of goblet cells

Mucose membrane

Paranasal Sinuses

Lymphatic Drainage

Blood Supply of Nose

Nasal septum :
Internal carotid :

Anterior ethmoid Posterior ethmoid

External carotid :

Sphenopalatine Greater palatine Superior labial

Blood Supply of Nose

Lateral wall :
Internal carotid : Anterior ethmoid Posterior ethmoid External carotid : Sphenopalatine Greater palatine Anterior superior dental (infraorbital ) Facial artery

Littles Area (Plexus Kiesselbach)

Anterior inferior nasal septum Anastomoses from :
Anterior ethmoid Superior labial Sphenopalatine Greater palatine

Plexus Kiesselbach

Nerve Supply of Nose

Olfactory nerve : Carry sense of smell and supply olfactory region of nose Arranged into 10-12 nerves which pass through the cribriform plate and end in the olfactory bulb Nerves of common sensation : Anterior ethmoidal nerve Sphenopalatine ganglion Infraorbital nerve Greater palatine nerve

Autonomic :
Parasympathetic greater superficial petrosal vidian sphenopalatine ganglion Sympathetic upper 2 thoracic superior cervical gangglion deep petrosal nerve join parasympathetic to form vidian

Physiology of Nose
Functions of the nose: 1) Respiration 2) Air conditioning of the inspired air 3) Protection of Lower Airway 4) Vocal resonance 5) Nasal reflex functions 6) Olfaction

RESPIRATION
Nose = natural pathway for breathing INSPIRATION: air thru middle part of nose btwn turbinates and nasal septum. Very little air passes thru inferior meatus or olfactory region. EXPIRATION : same but entire air current is not expelled directly thru nares friction at limen nasi converts it into eddies under cover of inferior and middle turbinates and this ventilates the sinuses thru the ostia

AIR CONDITIONING OF INSPIRED AIR

air-conditioner for lungs:

a)

Filtration and Purification : nasal vibrissae filters larger particles (3m) Finer particles adhere to the mucus over surface of mucous membrane (0.5-3.0m) Smaller than 0.5m can pass thru nose into lower airways without difficulty b) Temperature control : mucous membrane (region of middle and inferior turbinatesand adjacent parts of the septum) is highly vascular with cavernous venous spaces or sinusoids which control the blood flow)this increase and decrease the size of turbinates efficient radiator mechanism to warm up the cold air (near body T0 = 370C) c) Humidification : adjust relative humidity of inspired air to 75% or more that is essential for integrity and function of ciliary epithelium.

PROTECTION OF LOWER AIRWAY

a) Mucociliary mechanism: Rich in goblet cells, secretory glands both mucous and serous) Form a cont. sheet called mucous blanket which consist of superficial mucus layer and deeper serous layer that floating on top of cilia which constantly beating to carry it towards nasopharynx = conveyer belt

b) Enzymes and Immunoglobulins: (in nasal secretion) Muramidase (lysozyme) :- kills bacteria and viruses. IgA and IgE and Interferon :- provide immunity against URTI c) Sneezing : protective reflex. Foreign particles which irritate nasal mucosa are expelled by sneezing.

VOCAL RESONANCE
Resonating chamber for certain consonant in speech. In phonating nasal consonants ( M/ N/ NG ), sound passes

thru nasopharyngeal isthmus and is emitted thru the nose.

When blocked, speech becomes denasal.
Eg:- M/ N/ NG are uttered as B/ D/ G respectively

NASAL REFLEXES
Nasal Mucosa reflex receptors closely related to gastrointestinal and

pulmonary functions.

Examples:

- irritation of nasal mucosa cause sneezing

- smell of palatable food reflex secretion of saliva and gastric juice.

OLFACTION
Sense of smell: Animal :- give warning of environmental danger Man :- for pleasure and enjoing the taste of food Olfactory region : upper one-third of lateral Wall corresponding part of nasal septum roof of nasal cavity Disorder of smell: Anosmia Hyposmia Parosmia

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