Water Demand Management UNIT 2

Municipal WDM

Course map
Unit 1: WDM in context

Unit 2:

Municipal WDM

Unit 3:

WDM options and benefits

Unit 4:

WDM plan

Outcomes
By the end of this unit, you should be able to contextualise your MWSA within your countrys water supply chain assess the WDM potential for your MWSA and relate this to IWRM and sustainable development

Outcomes
By the end of this unit, you should be able to map or list the nature of water resources, consumers, users and demand in your own context list constraints and incentives affecting WDM implementation for MWSAs relate these to your own country and situation

Outcomes
By the end of this unit, you should be able to formulate ideas for exploiting incentives and overcoming constraints to WDM implementation understand the successes and challenges of some municipal case studies begin to develop your own MWSAs WDM implementation plan

2.1 What is an MWSA?

Typical MWSAs Vary across Southern Africa Are responsible for supply to domestic, industrial and commercial users Face rapidly growing demand Are under pressure to provide cheap reliable water to more users Have a limited policy-making role

2.1 What is an MWSA?

Typical MWSAs Operate within a fixed enabling environment Have limited control over water tariffs Implement direct and indirect WDM actions Cover one part of the water management cycle Have significant impact on water management practices in their areas

2.2.1 WDM in the MWSA

The main components of a WDM plan An enabling policy environment for endusers and the MWSA Appropriate institutional setup within the MWSA

Appropriate measures and implementation taken by the MWSA

2.2.1 WDM in the MWSA

MWSAs can make an impact on the enabling environment by altering by-laws introducing water conservation standards and norms showcasing their own implementation of WDM as large water users

2.2.1 WDM in the MWSA

A WDM plan for an MWSA should implement WDM measures for the MWSA promote the implementation of WDM measures by end-users and bulk water suppliers promote economic, environmental and social benefits be developed within IWRM and ILCP contexts

2.2.2 Sustainability in an MWSA context

Economic sustainability: the efficiency of water service provision and the ability to continue to provide services in the future

2.2.2 Sustainability in an MWSA context

Social sustainability: the ability to provide affordable water and to make sufficient water available for all residents and productive activities

2.2.2 Sustainability in an MWSA context

Environmental sustainability: the maintenance of economic growth and development within the limits set by ecology
Environmental protection and economic development are complementary, not antagonistic

2.2.2 Sustainability in an MWSA context

Sustainable service provision: when water continues to be available for the design period of a scheme, programme or initiative, in the quantity and quality that was originally planned

2.2.2 Sustainability in an MWSA context

Elements required for sustainability
proper design and planning

money for recurring expenses and repairs

consumer acceptance of the service adequate supply from the source

sound construction

Sustainability is a key objective of WDM

2.2.3 Municipal water sources

Fresh surface water Fresh groundwater Re-use of return flows Quantity, quality, and reliability are all extremely important

2.3.1 The municipal water supply chain

Water resource management Water distribution management

End-user efficiency and demand management

Return flow management

WDM measures need to be targeted at specific stages in the water supply and management chain

2.3.1 The municipal water supply chain

The South African DWAF has illustrated possible WDM measures at each management level (Figure 1) The line between Water Conservation (WC) and WDM becomes thin Best results are achieved when both are pursued simultaneously. WDM is broader than WC: all WC measures fall within WDM

2.3.2 MWSA clients

Bulk suppliers of raw or treated water
government parastatals autonomous suppliers

Water management institutions

MWSA clients (Cont.)

Regulators End-users
domestic users industries private and public service sectors

Activity
What institutions and organisations does your MWSA deal with?
From whom do you source water? To whom do you supply water? Which Acts and regulations affect you? Which departments affect or control your MWSA? Which sectors of the economy rely on your MWSA for water supply and/or management?

Use this information for your WDM plan

2.3.3 Accountability of MWSAs

WDM in municipal areas is a shared responsibility of all stakeholders In most countries,
MWSA officials are accountable to their councillors Councillors are accountable to the electorate

This may become obscured with privatised and commercialised utilities

2.3.3 Accountability of MWSAs

SA DWAF WDM principles
Water institutions should supply water efficiently and effectively, minimising water losses and promoting WDM/WC among end-users Consumers should not waste water and should use it efficiently WDM and WC are integral parts of the water resources and water service planning process

Activity
SA WDM objectives Water resource management Water distribution management End-user efficiency and demand Return flow management Are they relevant to your municipal water supply and management chain? Are there others you could add?

2.4 Integrated Least Cost Planning

ILCP is a methodology that determines the effectiveness of infrastructure augmentation decisions a measure of whether or not the right decision is being made

2.4 Integrated Least Cost Planning

The aim: to keep water supply costs to end-users as low as possible by considering the effectiveness of the entire water chain The challenge: to minimise the cost to the end-user as though each party in the water chain were integrated into one body

Case study: Rand waters ILCP model

Rand Water supplies water to 13 municipalities 3 metropolitan areas 10 million people an area of 18 000 km2

Case study: Rand waters ILCP model

Figure 2: Rand Water area of supply within South Africa

Case study: Rand waters ILCP model

Case study: Rand waters ILCP model

Causes of premature augmentation of infrastructure Demand projections Difference in the start point and growth rates of projections

Case study: Rand waters ILCP model

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 T E s c a 1 m i a l It 0 e n o i tn 1 ( e 5 y r e e a s 2 r t 0 s )
D m e c a i d s e i o h n e r E a t e a u o a u g m e n t

a l

v i

Figure 4: Costs due to difference in start point and growth rate projections
o s t R e
W a s t e d c o s t r g l m i e e r n t t a h t a i n o n n e c e s s a r y

Case study: Rand waters ILCP model

Excessive water loss Inefficient use of water Loss Conclusions

2.4 Integrated Least Cost Planning

Institution Water supply costs ILCP issues

Bulk water supplier

MWSA

$ 0.75/m3

Cheapest source of supply?

LC treatment and distribution mechanism Is it possible to reduce the total water costs by improving on any stage in the water chain?

$ 0.50/m3

Total water costs

$ 1.25/m3

2.4 Integrated Least Cost Planning

Ensures that social and environmental concerns are adequately taken care of Requires cross-institutional planning and co-operation

2.5 WDM reasons

WDM is a tool, not a goal Social, financial and environmental reasons Specific reasons vary from case to case

2.5 WDM reasons: direct incentives

Escalating costs of water augmentation schemes Reliance on non-renewable water resources Reliance on shared water sources High water leakages Inefficiencies in end-use

2.5.1 Social reasons

Saved water serves those without previous access Improved service delivery Lead by example Good customer service leads to rise in payment levels

2.5.1 Social reasons

Raised awareness among end-users Keeps rates affordable

Safeguards water resources for current growth and future generations

2.5.2 Financial reasons

Flexible and incremental implementation spreads costs over time Lower customer charges Benefit/cost ratio may exceed 10:1 Reduces need for water purification and treatment

2.5.2 Financial reasons

Reduces expenditure on capitalintensive augmentation schemes Improved affordability increases customer base Reduces UAL and loss of revenues

2.5.2 Financial reasons

Ring-fenced revenue retained within departments for
Maintenance Service delivery Expansion

Better water resource management Increases productive water use Consumers benefit from reduced bills

2.5.3 Environmental reasons

Water for ecological requirements Promotes sustainable use through water efficient practice Reduces pollution through effluentquality tariffs Increased resource use efficiency

Summary
WDM serves not only environmental purposes WDM has sound economic and social reasons

2.6 WDM constraints

Constraints defer or prevent the adoption or implementation of WDM measures are well documented are powerful vary between authors and studies

2.6.1 Understanding constraints

Organise your thinking about constraints Identify Structure Analyse spatially
international national district local

2.6.1 Understanding constraints

Analyse by stakeholder
Water planners/managers Bulk suppliers MWSAs End-users

Resolve or mitigate

2.6.1.1 Structuring constraints

Information and awareness WDM capacity and infrastructure Habits and attitudes Policy and regulation

2.6.1.1 Structuring constraints

Costs and benefits Uncertainties Macroeconomic conditions Water scarcity: extent and nature

Information and awareness

Lack of awareness about water scarcity WDM contents institutional roles and responsibilities

Information and awareness

Trends There is confusion and uncertainty about information There is a lack of awareness about water scarcity Awareness about WDM is gradually increasing

Human and financial resources

Lack of human resources and skills WDM champions financial resources specific WDM funding co-ordination through the water supply and management chain technical know-how

Human and financial resources

Trends HR and skills are most problematic at local level WDM champions are emerging Funding of WDM remains a problem Co-ordination amongst stakeholders in water supply chain is improving slowly

Infrastructure
Constraints Lack of metering Old infrastructure Poor maintenance Trends Vary between countries

Habits and attitudes

Constraints Resistance to change Traditional supply bias and economic interest in supply interventions Lack of political will WDM only for droughts? Trends Most constraints are gradually easing

Policy and legislation

Constraints WDM only recently incorporated into policies and legislation Low priority for WDM Trends Large differences between countries Gradual improvement in policy adoption and legislation

Costs and benefits

Constraints Subsidies discourage WDM Costs precede benefits O & M costs are often neglected in water planning No cost-benefit assessment of water management options

Costs and benefits

Trends Water tariff subsidies are being reduced as a function of applying WDM

Uncertainties
Constraints WDM results less tangible than water augmentation Full implications of WDM uncertain due to limited experience

Uncertainties
Trends The availability of case studies is
reducing uncertainty over WDM results improving the predictability of WDM implications

Macroeconomic conditions
Constraints Shortage of WDM funding Style of governance Degree of stability Trends Vary greatly across the region

Water scarcity
Constraints Degree and nature of water scarcity Trends Varies greatly across the region and may not require WDM intervention

Overview
Wide range of constraints Substantial differences among countries Most constraints are easing Water-scarce countries with relatively good governance have the most comprehensive WDM approach Constraints change over time WDM strategies must work under different macroeconomic conditions

Activity
In groups, examine the list of constraints in Table 10 Discuss what trends have taken place over the last ten years in your country Review the solutions given for overcoming the constraints Discuss the greater participation of endusers, particularly women, in overcoming the constraints

Activity
How could traditional knowledge and water management practices be used to overcome constraints? For each constraint, formulate a specific appropriate strategy for your situation Add any new constraints your group has identified and rank them for your country

2.7.3 Case study: City of Bulawayo

Examine the drivers WDM plan WDM approach Constraints Achievements Lessons learnt

2.7.3 Case study: City of Bulawayo

Average rainfall 500 mm/a Pop. = 1 Million Volume of water supplied = 120 000 m3/day Level of service = 99% full reticulation 106 000 connections 90% are metered Distribution network = 2 100 km

City of Bulawayo drivers for WDM

Water supply constraints Recurrent droughts Water scarcity Water sector reforms

City of Bulawayo alternatives

Project
Gwayi-Shangani dam Lower Tuli dam Zambezi pipeline Glass Block dam

Yield (106 m3/a) 141

65 57 28

NPV (US$/m3) 0.55

1.24 2.23 0.77

Mtshabezi pipeline
Umguza well-field

8
4

1.17
0.22

City of Bulawayo - WDM alternative

In the short term (< 5 years)
WDM at various levels Reducing losses from 23% to 15% Cost US$0.04/m3

Cheaper than any new alternative sources

City of Bulawayo - water loss reduction plan

Establishing economic levels for loss reduction
Pilot studies Utility mapping Network modelling Analysis of cost data

City of Bulawayo reduction of UAL

City of Bulawayo - other WDM activities

Water conservation campaign and public education Reuse and recycling of wastewater Pricing of water to reflect scarcity (highest block US$0.25/m3) Setting up a management information system Metering Review of the implications of sector reforms

City of Bulawayo lessons

WDM implementation is usually triggered by severe water shortages WDM should be evaluated and appraised along with other alternative sources WDM is about 50% social engineering Wastewater recycling and reuse is an important WDM option Water pricing to reflect scarcity with subsidies for the poor

City of Bulawayo lessons

Computerised management information system is essential Metering is indispensable (bulk, zones, district, consumer) A holistic approach is important (WDM Plans, Strategies: Unit 4) External expertise and financing may be required

2.7 Open discussion on other case studies

Hermanus Windhoek Kwekwe Other