Pond Ecological Analysis

Pond Organisms
Last updated: 2/20/2009

Freshwater Ecological Analysis
Project
• The following are organisms that we have found in
samples of a primary stream that originates on our
campus and empties into Nancy Creek which is a
tributary of the Chattahoochee River. Our campus is
located in Fulton county, GA.
• These identifications should be considered preliminary.
The classification systems are not always standard.
• The background information slides are, for the most part,
quotes from Wikipedia and a few other sources.
Oscillatoria (Cyanophyta)
Oscillatoria (Cyanophyta)
• From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
•
Genus: Oscillatoria
Oscillatoria is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria which is named for the
oscillation in its movement. Filaments in the colonies can slide back and
forth against each other until the whole mass is reoriented to its light source.
It is commonly found in watering-troughs waters, and is mainly blue-green or
brown-green. Oscillatoria is an organism that reproduces by fragmentation.
Oscillatoria forms long filaments of cells which can break into fragments
called hormogonia. The hormogonia can grow into a new, longer filament.
Breaks in the filament usually occur where dead cells(necridia) are present.
Oscillatoria uses photosynthesis to survive and reproduce.
Spirulina (Cyanophyta)
Spirulina (Cyanophyta or
Cyanobacteria)
•
• Spirulina is the common name for human and animal food supplements similar to Chlorella and
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Blue Green Algae.) Spirulina comes from two different species of
cyanobacteria: Arthrospira platensis, and Arthrospira maxima. These and other Arthrospira
species were once classified in the genus Spirulina. There is now agreement that they are a
distinct genus, and that the food species belong to Arthrospira; nonetheless, the older term
Spirulina remains the popular name. Spirulina is cultivated around the world, and is used as a
human dietary supplement as well as a whole food and is available in tablet, flake, and powder
form. It is also used as a feed supplement in the aquaculture, aquarium, and poultry industries.[1]
Bacillus (Eubacteria)
Bacillus (Eubacteria)
•
• This page is about the bacterial genus. For the class, see Bacilli. For rod-shaped bacteria in
general, see Bacillus (shape).
• For the stick insect genus, see Bacillus (insect).
• Bacillus is a genus of rod-shaped bacteria and a member of the division Firmicutes. Bacillus
species are either obligate or facultative aerobes, and test positive for the enzyme catalase.[1]
Ubiquitous in nature, Bacillus includes both free-living and pathogenic species. Under stressful
environmental conditions, the cells produce oval endospores that can stay dormant for extended
periods. These characteristics originally defined the genus, but not all such species are closely
related, and many have been moved to other genera.[2]
Hyalotheca (Chlorophyta)
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Chlorophyta/Hyalotheca/
Hyalotheca (Chlorophyta)
• “Hyalotheca dissiliens is a colonial, filamentous desmid, rather commonly occurring in
all kinds of standing freshwaters, provided that those are not too acid/oligotrophic.
Despite its wide distribution the species under discussion is frequently overlooked.
Particularly on a superficial view, Hyalotheca may be easily confused with other, non-
Conjugatophycean filamentous green algae. The reason is that cells hardly show any
morphological differentiaton, such as a distinct sinus, which is characteristic of most
desmid species. Moreover, cells join each other across almost their total breadth so
that it looks as if we are dealing with a true (parenchymatic) filament rather than with
a filamentous colony. Actually, cellular constitution of two semicells appears
predominantly from the presence of two large, axile, radiating chloroplasts (one in
each semicell). Only on closer inspection a very slight median constriction of the cell
is to be distinguished.
• Cell filaments of Hyalotheca dissiliens use to be enclosed by a thick mucilage
sheath. Such a sheath contributes to the colonial coherence and increases the
chance of dispersal as the filaments readily stick to migratory water fowl, insects etc.”
• http://www.desmids.nl/maand/english/may
eng03.html
Desmidium (Chlorophyta)
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/Galleries/USA1999/Species/Desmidium_2.html
Desmidium (Chlorophyta)
• “Desmidium* is one of the filamentous desmid genera characterized
by rather firm intercellular connections: filaments are only to be
disrupted by robust mechanical pressure. From the Netherlands
some four species are known, of which Desmidium swartzii is the
most common. Cells of this species are triangular in apical view.
After cell division daughter cells stick together so that the filament in
question increases in length. Moreover, cell filaments are markedly
twisted, to be seen from a gradual shift in position of the cellular
lobe facing the observer.
• In case of conjugation (almost) all cells in the paired filaments are
sexually activated, resulting into a series of zygospores coupling the
empty cell filaments.
• * The genus name of Desmidium - derived from the Greek word
'desmos' (= ribbon, chain or bond) - presumably gave rise to the
family name of Desmidiaceae.”
http://www.desmids.nl/maand/english/augeng03.html
Spirogyra (Chlorophyta)
m/imgres?imgurl=www.plingfactory.de/Science/GruKlaOeko/Teichleben/Algen/Spirogyra.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.plingfactory.de/Science/GruKlaOeko/Teichleben/A
Spirogyra (Chlorophyta)
• Spirogyra is unbranched with cylindrical cells connected end to end in long green
filaments. The cell wall has two layers: the outer wall is composed of cellulose while
the inner wall is of pectin. The cytoplasm forms a thin lining between the cell wall and
the large vacuole it surrounds. Chloroplasts are embedded in the peripheral
cytoplasm; their numbers are variable (as few as one). The chloroplasts are ribbon
shaped, serrated or scalloped, and spirally arranged, resulting in the prominent and
characteristic green spiral on each filament. Each chloroplast contains several
pyrenoids, centers for the production of starches, appearing as small round bodies.
• Spirogyra is very common in relatively clean eutrophic water, developing slimy
filamentous green masses. In spring Spirogyra grows under water, but when there is
enough sunlight and warmth they produce large amounts of oxygen, adhering as
bubbles between the tangled filaments. The filamentous masses come to the surface
and become visible as slimy green mats. Mougeotia and Zygnema are often found
tangled together with Spirogyra.[1]
Conjugation in Spirogyra
Male cell
Conjugation tube
zygospore
Female cell
Conjugation in Spirogyra
• Spirogyra can reproduce both asexually and sexually. In asexual reproduction, fragmentation
takes place, and Spirogyra simply undergoes intercalary mitosis to form new filaments.
• Sexual Reproduction is of two types:
• Scalariform conjugation requires association of two different filaments lined side by side either
partially or throughout their length. One cell each from opposite lined filaments emits tubular
protuberances known as conjugation tubes, which elongate and fuse, to make a passage called
the conjugation canal. The cytoplasm of the cell acting as the male travels through this tube and
fuses with the female cytoplasm, and the gametes fuse to form a zygospore.
• In lateral conjugation, gametes are formed in a single filament. Two adjoining cells near the
common transverse wall give out protuberances known as conjugation tubes, which further form
the conjugation canal upon contact. The male cytoplasm migrates through the conjugation canal,
fusing with the female. The rest of the process proceeds as in scalariform conjugation.
• The essential difference is that scalariform conjugation occurs between two filaments and lateral
conjugation occurs between two adjacent cells on the same filament.
• Spirogyra uses photosynthesis for the production of food.
Zygnema (Chlorophyta)
zygospores
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.plingfactory.de/Science/GruKlaOeko/Teichleben/Algen/Spirogyra.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.plingfactory.de/Sc
6lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26client%3DREAL-tb%26sa%3DN
Zygnema (Chlorophyta)
• .
World distribution: Throughout the world.
• “A genus of about 140 species, all freshwater. It forms unbranched
filaments, with each cell containing a pair of stellate chloroplasts. Each
chloroplast possesses a single, conspicuous pyrenoid. Sexual reproduction
takes place by conjugation, with the fusion of two amoeboid gametes in a
conjugation canal formed between adjacent filaments, forming a thick-walled
zygote. There are no flagellated reproductive cells.
• 14 species are recognised in the British Isles by Johnson (in John et al.,
2002), their identification depending on reproductive features. The related
genus, Zygnemopsis, with two British species, both rare, also cannot be
distinguished from Zygnema when only vegetative. Many of the species
have broad ecological requirements, occuring in ponds, streams, ditches
and similar waterbodies, often forming extensive 'blanket weed' growth.
Z. stellinum is given as a fairly common species in ditches and in moorland
pools.” http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/bioref/Chlorophyta/Zygnema.html
Closterium (Chlorophyta)
http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/alg/desmi/desm0100.htm
Closterium (Chlorophyta)
• Closterium
•
[Morphology
• Elongated cylindrical, often lunate unicells comprising of two symmetrical semicells. Single, axial
chloroplasts with many pyrenoids in each semicell. Very conspicuous vacules at the ends of the
cell with CaSO4 (Gypsum) crystals "dancing" around within them.
Netrium (Chlorophyta)
http://www.desmids.nl/
Netrium (Chlorophyta)
• “Netrium is a single-celled saccoderm desmid. The cells
are usually elongate and cylindrical with rounded or
truncate ends, but may also be elliptical or fusiform in
shape. The cells can excrete large amounts of mucilage.
Each cell has two or four large, axial chloroplasts that
appear frilly due to their elaborate lobes and ridges. The
chloroplasts are stellate in cross-section and contain one
or many pyrenoids. The nucleus is located between the
chloroplasts in the center of the cell.”
• http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/LucidKeys/Carolina_
Key/html/Netrium_Main.html
Cosmarium (Chlorophyta)
Cosmarium (Chlorophyta)
• “Cosmarium is a single-celled placoderm desmid. The cells are
deeply divided in the middle by a short isthmus that contains the
nucleus. The two semicells are rounded in front view and flattened,
oval, or elliptic in side view. The older half of the cell wall secretes
mucilage, while the younger half is lifted off of the substrate at a
slight angle. The mucilage swells as it absorbs water and propels
the cell forward. The cell wall may be smooth with pores or
ornamented with granules, pits, or warts. The vegetative cells
usually do not have spines. Each semicell has at least one central
chloroplast (usually 2 or 4) with pyrenoids. Cosmarium sometimes
produces thick-walled resting cells. Triradiate cells with three
semicells have sometimes grown in collections or cultures. “
• http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/LucidKeys/Carolina_Key/html/Co
smarium_Main.html
Micrasteria (Chlorophyta)
http://www.desmids.com
Micrasteria (Chlorophyta)
• Desmids
Desmids are an order (Desmidiales) of green algae, comprising around 40 genera and 5,000[1]
to 6,000[2] species, found mostly but not exclusively in fresh water. Most are unicellular, and are
divided into two compartments separated by a narrow bridge or isthmus. Desmids assume a
variety of highly symmetrical and generally attractive shapes, which provide the basis for their
classification. Each compartment has one chloroplast, and no flagella. Sexual reproduction
occurs through a process of conjugation, also found among the Zygnematales. These two groups
are closely related, and may be united as the division Gamophyta. The desmids are sometimes
treated as members of the Zygnematales, but more often given the separate order Desmidiales.
Microspora (Chlorophyta)
Microspora (Chlorophyta)
• “From Greek mikros, "small" + spora, "spore" Microspora is
an unbranched, filamentous green alga with cylindrical or swollen
cells. The ends of the filaments often have holdfast cells to attach to
the substrate. The cell wall is is made up of H- shaped pieces of
open cylinders with intermediate septa, which overlap to enclose the
protoplast of each cell. Microspora has parietal, reticulate
chloroplasts that lack pyrenoids and contain starch. Microspora is
similar in morphology to Tribonema, which has at least two pale
green or golden disklike chloroplasts that do not contain starch.
The phylogeny of Microspora is somewhat uncertain, and further
molecular research would help to clarify its taxonomic placement.”
• http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/LucidKeys/Carolina_Key/html/Mi
crospora_Main.html
Volvox (Chlorophyta)
http://www.csus.edu/indiv/r/reihmanm/images_for_lab_4.htm
Volvox (Chlorophyta)
•
• Volvox is one of the best-known chlorophytes and is the most developed in a series of genera
that form spherical colonies.[1] Each mature Volvox colony is composed of numerous flagellate
cells similar to Chlamydomonas, on the order of 1000–3000 in total, and embedded in the
surface of a hollow sphere or coenobium made of a gelatinous glycoprotein.[2] The cells swim in a
coordinated fashion, with a distinct anterior and posterior poles. The cells have eyespots, more
developed near the anterior, which enable the colony to swim towards light. The individual algae
in some species are interconnected by thin strands of cytoplasm, called protoplasmates.[3]
• An asexual colony includes both somatic (vegetative) cells, which do not reproduce, and gonidia
near the posterior, which produce new colonies through repeated division. The daughter colonies
are initially held within the parent coenobium and have their flagella directed inwards. Later, the
parent disintegrates and the daughters invert. In sexual reproduction two types of gametes are
produced. Volvox species can be monoecious or dioecious. Male colonies release numerous
microgametes, or sperm, while in female colonies single cells enlarge to become oogametes, or
eggs.[1][4]
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first reported observations of Volvox in 1700. [5]
Pennate Diatoms
Phylum Chrysophyta
Pinnularia hilseana
Navicula gregaria
Pinnularia brandeliiCleve
http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/biology/facilities/algae/html/P_and_G_ESF.html
Navicula
•
•
Genus: Navicula
Navicula is a genus of boat-shaped microbes (microorganisms) that are a
type of Phytoplankton or algae — primarily aquatic, eukaryotic,
photosynthetic organisms, ranging in size from a single cell.
• Navicula is a diatom. The Navicula genus of diatoms comprises more than
10,000 species. Navicula is Latin for "small ship".
Pinnularia (Chrysophyta)
• Habitat
• Pinnularia is a fresh Water alga, usually found in ponds and moist soil. They can also be found in
springs, estuaries, sediments and in the ocean.
• Cell Wall and Valves
• Pinnularia are unicellular. The cell is elongated and elliptical. The cell wall is chiefly composed of
pectic substances and is impregnated with silica. Therefore, their wall becomes very hard. Their
wall is composed of two halves called valves. These halves overlap like petri dish. The margins of
the two valves are covered by a connecting band called cingulum. The two valves with their inner
protoplasts are called frustule. The frustule has two views. The surface view is called valve view
and band view is called girdle view. The outer larger valve is called epitheca. The smaller inner
valve is called hypotheca. The cell is covered by mucilaginous layer. The surface of valve has
minute pores or pits. It produces characteristic markings on the surface of valves. These
markings are bilaterally symmetrical. The marking free area is called axial field. The markings are
arranged in linear rows. The axial field contains a longitudinal slit raphe. The raphe is not
continuous throughout the length of the valve. It has circular thickening called central nodules in
the centre. Similar Thickening also present at the outer ends of raphe These are called polar
nodules.
Tabellaria (Chyrsophyta)
Tabellaria (Chyrsophyta)
• “A common freshwater genus, often forming zigzag colonies. The
cells are often lying in girdle view with visible septa and the
appearance of the cell is rectangular. The plastids can be seen to lie
between the septa. In valve view the cell shows the swollen poles
and central region. Along the margin of the valve there are small
spines and there is an apical pore field at both poles. Reported is a
single rimoportula found near the centre of the valve (River Diatoms,
a multi-access key). A distinguishing feature of T. flocculosa is that
the swelling of the poles are smaller than the inflation at the centre
of the valve. Collected with a 60 micron plankton net from between
Union Lake and a beaver dam south of Union Lake. PH of (middle):
6.7-6.8, temp=12.3C. (Oct 6-06), Kinmount, Ontario, Canada: N 44
46.755’ W 078 31.663’. November 10, 2006; “
• https://www.biomedia.cellbiology.ubc.ca/cellbiol/user/scripts/qry_media_id.p
hp?media_id=3049
Suriella (Chrysophyta)
Description Suriella
“Cells solitary. Frustules heteropolar in valve and
girdle view, bilaterally symmetrical. Cells lie in valve or
girdle view and isolated valves always in valve view.
Valves bilaterally symmetrical, heteropolar, oval, with
the broader pole smoothly rounded but the narrower
pole slightly pointed, becoming almost circular in the
smallest specimens. Transverse striae visible,
somewhat irregular, interrupted along the midline of
the valve by a narrow, linear or irregular, hyaline area.
The valve face is slightly folded at the inner margins of
the fibulae, differentiating central and marginal zones.
Raphe system fibulate (the raphe itself is impossible
to detect in LM), marginal, occupying the whole
perimeter of the valve. Some fibulae rib-like, tapering,
extending in from the margin by approximately a fifth
of the (maximum) valve width. Those fibulae that are
aren't extended inwards are tiny bars difficult to detect
in LM. There is one chloroplast per cell, consisting of
two large plates, often lobed at their margins,
connected by a narrow isthmus that lies near one end
of the cell. The plates lie against the valves and, when
seen in valve view, appear to fill all except the cell
periphery.”
http://craticula.ncl.ac.uk/EADiatomKey/html/taxon1380
0100.html
Euglena (Euglenophyta)
http://mtlab.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/WW W/PDB/Galleries/USA1999/Species/Euglena_2.jpg
Euglena (Euglenophyta)
• They are single-celled organisms. Currently, over 1000 species of Euglena have
been described. Marin et al. (2003) revised the genus to include several species
without chloroplasts, formerly classified as Astasia and Khawkinea. Euglena
sometimes can be considered to have both plant and animal features.
• A euglena is a protist that can eat food like animals do (partly heterotrophic) and can
make food like plants do (partly autotrophic). Euglena can surround a particle of food
and eat it (phagocytosis). Many Euglena contain chloroplasts and chlorophyll a and b.
Euglena live in fresh water, salt water and in marine-like environments. Many Euglena
are able to move by using a flagellum, a long whip-like structure. When the water
dries up, a euglena forms a protective wall around itself and lies dormant in the form
of a spore until the environment improves. It reproduces by mitosis, splitting into
parts, like amoeba.
Amoeba (Sarcodina)
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Cells/cells.htm
Amoeba (Sarcodina)
• History
• The amoeba was first discovered by August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof in 1757.[4] Early
naturalists referred to Amoeba as the Proteus animalcule after the Greek god Proteus who could
change his shape. The name "amibe" was given to it by Bory de Saint-Vincent[5], from the Greek
amoibè (αμοιβή), meaning change.[6]
• Anatomy
• Anatomy of an amoeba
• The cell's organelles and cytoplasm are enclosed by a cell membrane, obtaining its food through
phagocytosis. Amoebae have a single large tubular pseudopod at the anterior end, and several
secondary ones branching to the sides. The most famous species, Amoeba proteus, is 700-800
μm in length but the species Amoeba dubia is as large as a millimeter, and visible to the naked
eye. Its most recognizable features include one or more nuclei and a simple contractile vacuole
to maintain osmotic equilibrium. Food enveloped by the amoeba is stored and digested in
vacuoles. Amoebae, like other single-celled eukaryotic organisms, reproduce asexually via
mitosis and cytokinesis, not to be confused with binary fission, which is how prokaryotes
(bacteria) reproduce. In cases where the amoeba are forcibly divided, the portion that retains the
nucleus will survive and form a new cell and cytoplasm, while the other portion dies. Amoebas
also have no definite shape.[7]
Astramoeba (Sarcodina)
“
Astramoeba
Page updated 11/8/02
“A very old genus, raised by Vejdovsky in 1881 (Schaeffer, 1926),
the type species is A. radiosa but since has been reclassified on
numerous occasions (see for Schaeffer, 1926 for a discussion of
the more ancient literature). Page discussed A. torrei in the context
of Mayorella, yet unlike any other Mayorella, A. torrei produces
cysts. There does not seem to be a uniting feature of the amoebae
described in the genus Astramoeba, save perhaps that they
produce long pointed pseupods but then so do many others.
Described species:-
A. flagellipodia (Schaeffer, 1926). Freshwater. c50mm in length

while in locomotion. Has fewer than 10 pseudopods some of which
are described as having characteristics between a flagella and a
normal pseudopod. No E.M. study has been carried out and as far
as I know, no cultures of this amoeba presently exit, so the
cytoskeletal components of these structures are unknown. The
description given by Scheaffer seems superficially to resemble the
genus Flagellipodium.
A. radiosa Described by several workers but its not certain if they
were looking at the same amoeba.
A. stella (Schaeffer, 1926). Freshwater. 25-50mm in diameter with
many blunt cylindrical pseudopods projecting at all directions.
Locomotion uncertain and slow. “
http://www.bms.ed.ac.uk/research/others/smaciver/astramoeba.htm
Difflugia (Sarcodina)
Test (shell)
pseudopods
Difflugia (Sarcodina)
•
Genus: Difflugia
LeClerc, 1815 Difflugia is one of several genera of amoebozoa that
produce shells or tests from granules of sand. These are swallowed by the
cell and during the process of budding or fission they pass into the
daughter, where they are joined by organic cement. The test has a single
terminal opening. Difflugia are particularly common in marshes. The
Difflugia use pseudopods to move around. It is a heterotroph and it engulfs
its food.
Arcella (Sarcodina)
Test
http://www.isis.de/members/~ralfwagner/Amoeben_Sonnentierchen.html
Arcella (Sarcodina)
“ Taxonomy (ITIS)
•
• Length: 50-60 mm
• • Description:
• Arcella is a beautiful, testate (shelled) amoeba. The test is circular,
transparent, with a central aperture (hole). It's color is light yellow when
young and its getting darker while aging. Usually, Arcella has two,
sometimes more nuclei (visible well using phase contrast). Arcella can often
be found among detritus, usualy only empty tests.
• • Similar genera: Centropyxis “
• http://www.pirx.com/droplet/gallery/arcella.html
Centropyxis (Sarcodina)
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/taxonomy/sarcodina/Lobosea/Testacealobosia/Genus/Centropyxis/Centropyxis.jpg
Centropyxis
• Introduction
• “More than 130 species and many varieties have been
described. Many of these descriptions are incomplete.
Type species: Centropyxis aculeata (Ehrenberg, 1838).
• In this genus we find two different shell types:
• Test bilaterally symmetrical, rounded, flattened more at front than at rear;
ventral face flat; often spines at sides and rear. Pseudostome: ventral,
anterior, roundish, dorsal and ventral lips recurved, invaginated, often
bridged (see title illustration, br and Fig. 1) from ventral margin to dorsal
face of the test. Shell can be organic or constructed with mineral particles or
diatoms. Shape, number of spines and size extremely variable. These
species prefer freshwater habitats. Typical representativea are C. aculeata
or C. discoides (title illustration and Fig. 1).” For more info go to:
• http://tolweb.org/Centropyxis/124498
Euglypha (Sarcodina)
Euglypha (Sarcodina)
•
• Length: 60 mm
• Description:
Euglypha is a testate amoeba. The test is clear and
ovoid, has scales.”
• http://www.droplet-
microscopy.org/gallery/euglypha.html
Actinophrys (Sarcodina)
http://www.isis.de/members/~ralfwagner/Amoeben_Sonnentierchen.html
Actinophrys (Sarcodina)
• “Among the most familiar of the heliozoa, sun animalcules, are members of the family
Actinophryidae. This group comprises two genera: Actinophrys and Actinosphaerium.
In common with other heliozoa, Actinophrys possesses a spherical shape and
radiating pseudopodia called axopodia (sing. axopodium). As a result of the globular
form and numerous tapering pseudopodia, this organism looks like a minute sun
under the microscope, especially when using the phase contrast technique.
• This protozoon has one nucleus located in the cell center. Its many false feet are
attached by their bases to the nuclear membrane surface and protrude to the outside.
These pseudopodia are supported by axial rods (microtubular axonemes). Its
axopodia have a number of indistinct extrusomes; these are special organellae for
capturing or killing prey and for protection from its predators, which flow along its
arms. An Actinophrys has no internal skeleton, cilia or flagella. A whole cell is highly
vacuolated especially in the peripheral area . Generally, the cell body is
approximately 40-50 microns in diameter and some vary from 30-90 microns.”
• http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-
uk.org.uk/mag/artfeb02/ccactino.html
Spirostomum (Ciliophora)
http://www.hokoon.edu.hk/nature/ecology/a_level/source/22.html
Spirostomum (Ciliophora)
•
Ehrenberg, 1833 Spirostomum is a member of the protist kingdom. It is an
animal-like protist, or protozoan which feeds on bacteria. It is found in
pond water. Spirostomum is a Ciliate, which use cilia to move through water.
• Spirostomum is an unusual protozoan. It is large for a protist. It can grow up
to 0.17 in (3 mm) which is large enough to be seen with the naked eye.
Though a unicellular organism, it has multiple nuclei. Also, Spirostomum
can contract its body to 1/4 of its length in 6 to 8 milliseconds, which is the
fastest contraction known in any living cell.[1]
Stentor (Ciliophora)
Stentor (Ciliophora)
•
Stentor are a genus of filter-feeding, heterotrophic ciliate protozoa, representative of the
heterotrichs. The body is generally horn-shaped, hence the association with the Greek herald and
the former name "trumpet animalcule", with a ring of prominent cilia around the anterior "bell" that
sweep in food and aid in swimming. Stentor are very common in freshwater lakes and streams,
usually attached to algae and other detritus. Some reach several millimeters in length, making
them among the largest single celled organisms. Stentor can come in different colors. As in many
freshwater protozoans, , the stentor has a contractile vacuole. Because the concentration of salt
inside Stentor and in the surrounding freshwater is different, Stentor must store water that enters
it by osmosis and then discharge it from the vacuole. Stentors can regenerate, and small
fragments can grow into full organisms. Stentor can live symbiotically with certain species of
green algae. After being injested, the algae live on while their erstwhile predator-cum-host
absorbs nutrients produced, while the algae, in turn, absorb and feed on the Stentor's metabolic
wastes. Stentors react to outside disturbances by contracting into a ball.
Paramecium (Ciliophora)
http://pantransit.reptiles.org/images/1998-08-24/
Paramecium (Ciliophora)
•
• Paramecia, also known as Lady Slippers, due to their appearance, are a group of unicellular ciliate protozoa,
which are commonly studied as a representative of the ciliate group, and range from about 50 to 350 μm in
length, Simple cilia cover the body, which allow the cell to move with a synchronous motion (like a caterpillar).
There is also a deep oral groove containing inconspicuous compound oral cilia (as found in other peniculids) used
to draw food inside. They generally feed on bacteria and other small cells. Osmoregulation is carried out by a pair
of contractile vacuoles, which actively expel water absorbed by osmosis from their surroundings.
• Paramecia are widespread in freshwater environments, and are especially common in scums. Paramecia are
attracted by acidic conditions. Certain single-celled eukaryotes, such as Paramecium, are examples for
exceptions to the universality of the genetic code (translation systems where a few codons differ from the
standard ones).
Frontonia (Ciliophora)
Frontonia (Ciliophora)
•
• Length: 150-250 mm
• Frontonia has an ovoid, flattened body, rather dark.
Nassula (Ciliophora)
Nassula (Ciliophora)
• • Length: 80 mm
• Nassula is a medium size ciliate. It has very vivid colors due to
the partially digested food in the food vacuoles. There is a quite
distinct cyrtos in the anterior end. This protozoan can swim rather
fast and it can be difficult to photograph. “
• http://www.pirx.com/droplet/gallery/nassula.html
Blepharisma (Ciliophora)
“The Blepharisma is a rather large, common
protozoan and belongs to the Phyllum Ciliophora. It
is from 150-300 um long and is rose colored.”
Blepharisma (Ciliophora)
• “Blepharisma is a heterotrich ciliate and a
microphagus filter feeder. It usually eats bacteria
found in decomposing vegetation by drawing
them into its vortex of membranelles that
surround its buccal cavity (mouth). The food is
then passed through the cytostome and
enclosed in food vacuoles which are distended
to the posterior end of the cell.”
• http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/courses/bio332/Labs/
CiliateProject/blepharisma/bleph1web.html
Euplotes (Ciliophora)
Euplotes (Ciliophora)
• http://www.microscope-
microscope.org/applications/pond-
critters/protozoans/ciliphora/euplotes.htm
• “The Euplotes belongs to the Phyllum Ciliophora. They are
from 80-200 um long.
• Euplotes is an interesting ciliate with a transparent body. It
has large cilia that is tufted together to form cirri and a band-
like macronucleus (the big backward "C" shown inside the
body).
• From the side, Euplotes is quite thin and can be seen using its
cirri and "walking" along objects. ”
Epistylis (Ciliophora)
Common epizoite on copepods
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/taxonomy/Ciliophora/Oligohymenophorea/Genus/Epistylis/index.htm
l
Epistylis (Ciliophora)
• “The Epistylis belongs to the Phyllum Ciliophora.

They are from 200-250 um long and colonies can
reach up to 2mm long.
• They are a stalked ciliate which looks similar to the
Vorticella and Carchesium. They are different,
however, in that the stalk does not have a myoneme
which is the spring like contracting element. The
Epistylis therefore cannot contract like the Vorticella
and Carchesium.”
• http://www.microscope-microscope.org/applications/pond-
critters/protozoans/ciliphora/epistylis.htm
Vorticella (Ciliophora)
“ The Vorticella is a protist (protozoan) and belongs to
the Phyllum Ciliophora. It is a very interesting,
stalked ciliate with an inverted bell shape. The stalk
contains a contractile fibril called a myoneme. When
stimulated, it shortens, causing the stalk to coil like
a spring. ”
http://www.microscope-microscope.org/applications/pond-critters/protozoans/ciliphora/vorticella.htm
Vorticella (Ciliophora)
• Vorticella is a genus of protozoa, with over 16 known species. They are stalked inverted bell-
shaped ciliates, placed among the peritrichs. Each cell has a separate stalk anchored onto the
substrate, which contains a contracile fibril called a myoneme. When stimulated this shortens,
causing the stalk to coil like a spring. Vorticella mainly live in freshwater ponds and streams—
generally anywhere protists are plentiful.
• Reproduction is by budding, where the cell undergoes longitudinal fission and only one daughter
keeps the stalk. The free daughter becomes a telotroch, which swims until it finds suitable
substrate to fix and develop its own stalk. They reproduce by fission. Also known as cell division.
They are also capable of reproducing by conjugation. Conjugation is a form of sexual
reproduction where two vorticella attach at the oral groove and swap DNA.
• Other genera such as Carchesium resemble Vorticella but are branched or colonial.
• Vorticellas sometimes stay in clusters. Some people learn these groups as colonies, but they are
not true colonies because each vorticella has its own individual stalk. This allows the vorticella to
detach from the cluster at any time.
• Common species
• Vorticella campanula (most common
Stylonichia (Ciliophora)
Stylonichia (Ciliophora)
• “The Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System
• Stylonichia mytilus and the Lunar Periods
• Gray, Ernest
• Nature, Volume 167, Issue 4236, pp. 38 (1951).
• DURING a recent investigation at the University Botany School, Cambridge, of the association of
ciliate protozoa and bacteria in a chalk stream, Styl nichia mytilus in common with other ciliate
protozoa exhibited a series of `pulses', or maximum waves when it spread down the stream, and
minimum phases when it could be found only in the upper reaches. Forms in binary fission or
conjugation were sometimes noted at the end of the maximum phase, whereas the minimum
phase was generally marked by the appearance of small forms. The pulse of Stylonichia could
not be related to any constant climatic or physical factor (rainfall, pH, temperature, etc.) or to total
bacterial numbers at 22° C. or any particular group of bacteria. However, the maximum phase
often occurred about a week to ten days after one of the lunar periods. From May to December
1947, the maximum phases occurred on twelve out of thirteen occasions a week to ten days after
a new moon or a full moon: the greatest maximum peak was attained nine days after a new moon
in July and four days after a full moon in December. By contrast with the dry weather and clear
nights of 1947, the year 1948 was wet and dull. Stylonichia was only recorded between May and
September, yet on five occasions it reached its maximum phase on an average eight days after a
new or a full moon. “
• http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951Natur.167...38G
Condylostoma (Ciliophoria)
Condylostoma (Ciliophoria)
• “Heterotrich ciliates, large ciliates;
elongate body, often pointed posteriorly;
highly contractile “
• http://www.eol.org/pages/2973947
Lacrymaria (Ciliophora)
Lacrymaria (Ciliophora)
• “One of the most unusual microscopic animals amongst
the wide range of protozoans is Lacrymaria olor, a very
small creature - typically 100 microns long, that lives in
freshwater ponds. Its name means 'tear of a swan',
which is an excellent and apt description of both its
general shape, and one of its identifying traits; for this
animal possess the ability to extend its head outwards by
means of what looks like an elongating neck. And just as
a swan is able to manipulate its neck in many directions,
Lacrymaria is able to maintain the same type of agility
over its extensibility. “
• http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-
uk.org.uk/mag/art98/tear1.html
Halteria (Ciliophora)
http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/microscope.php?func=browseAlpha&letter=H&taxa=Halteria
Halteria (Ciliophora)
• “Halteria is a small oligotrich ciliate.
Thanks to the equitorial cirri, it can move
in a "jumpy" fashion. Common, but difficult
to photograph.”
• http://www.pirx.com/droplet/gallery/halteria
.html
Colpidium (Ciliophora)
Colpidium (Ciliophora)
• Colpidium, Rabbit of the Microcosm Micronaturalist's
Note Book Written and Photographed by Bruce J.
Russell
• “The cells swim in a spiral, rotating around their long axis, but they stop this
"free swim" as they near their tightly packed sisters. Centering on a growing
cluster of cells, I change to the 10X objective and adjust the iris to create
higher contrast image. A quick scan of the drawings in Jahn, How to Know
the Protozoa, convinces me that this is Colpidium, a bacteria feeding ciliate,
belonging to one of the main branches of ciliate evolution, the holotrichs. If
Paramecium is a deer and Didinium is a wolf, then Colpidium must be a
rabbit. All of the clusters are surrounding bits of detritus shimmering with
bacteria.”
• http://www.ebiomedia.com/Note-Book/Colpidium-Rabbit-of-the-
Microcosm.html
Loxodes (Ciliophora)
Loxodes (Ciliophora)
•
Bütschlii, 1830 Family: Body long, flat, with beak-like
anterior rostrum; oral area in long ventral groove behind
rostrum Müllerian vesicles in endoplasm.
Genus: Oral area round, behind rostrum, leads into
tubular cavity (Illustrated Guide, 1985).
Species (magnus Stokes): Extended about 700 μm long;
dark brown; twelve to twenty or more Müllerian vesicles
in a row along dorsal border (Kudo, 1966).
• http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Galleries/USA1999/Specie
s/Loxodes.html
Urocentrum (Ciliophora)
Urocentrum (Ciliophora)
“A relative of the paramecium, Urocentrum is a rotund
ciliate slightly bifurcated by a two distinct bands of cilia
and sporting a tufted "tail" of fused cilia on its posterior.
The organism spins on this tail, swimming rapidly in a
slightly irregular spiral. It commonly occurs in decaying
pond vegetation in which it feeds on bacteria and
particles of organic matter”.
• http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/moviegallery/pondscum/prot
ozoa/urocentrum/t1/urocentrum01.html.
Peranema (Mastigophora)
Peranema (Mastigophora)
• “Peranema are small flagellates and range in size from 20-70 um in

diameter. They are very active predators and scavengers.
• This flagellate is common in waters rich in organic nutrients,
especially in water in which decay is taking place.
• The single flagellum projects straight forward, and a rapid rotation of
its extreme end pulls the Peranema smoothly through the water. The
body of the Peranema can undergo extreme contraction and distortion
as it moves.
• Peranema have been seen inside the bodies of dead rotifers and are
said to absorb nutrients through their outer pellicle. In addition, they
can ingest quantities of detritus, bacteria, algae and even large
organisms by expansion of the cytostome -- a cavity which lies at the
base of the flagellum.”
critters/protozoans/mastigophora/peranema.htm
Anisonema (Mastigophora)
Anisonema (Mastigophora)
• “Anisonema
Dujardin, 1841
• Family: Colorless body; two flagella, one directed anteriorly and
the other usually posteriorly; stigma absent.
Genus: Generally ovoid; asymmetrical; plastic or rigid; a slit-like
ventral furrow; flagella at anterior end; cytopharynx long;
contractile vacuole anterior; nucleus posterior (Kudo, 1966).
Lightly striated; trailing flagellum longer than anterior one (How
to know the protozoa, 1979). “
http://protist.i.hosei.jp/PDB/Images/Mastigophora/Anisonema/index.
html
Petalomonas (Masigophora)
Petalomonas (Masigophora)
• “Petalomonas
Stein
• Genus: Only 1 emergent flagellum; locomotory flagellum directed
anteriorly, straight, during swimming; colourless, phagotrophic; no
eyespot; rigid, solitary, ovoid, usually flat, with several keels;
freshwater (Illustrated Guide, 1985). Oval or pyriform; not plastic;
pellicle often with straight or spiral furrow; a single flagellum; many
species (Kudo, 1966).”
• http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/Movies/htmls/Mastigophora/Petalomonas/i
ndex.html
Cryptomonas (Mastigophora)
Cryptomonas (Cryptophyta)
•
Genus: Cryptomonas
Cryptomonas is the name-giving genus of the cryptomonads. It is common
in freshwater habitats and often forms blooms in greater depths of lakes, or
during winter beneath the ice. The cells are usually brownish in color, and
have a slit-like furrow at the anterior. They are not known to produce any
toxins and are used to feed small zooplankton, which is the food source for
small fish in fish farming.
Planaria (Platyhelminthes)
Planaria (Platyhelminthes)
• Planarian
Family: Planariidae
Planaria are non-parasitic flatworms of the biological family Planariidae, belonging to
the order Seriata. Planaria are common to many parts of the world, living in both
saltwater and freshwater ponds and rivers. Some are terrestrial and are found on
plants in humid areas. These animals move by beating cilia on the ventral dermis,
allowing them to glide along on a film of mucus. Some move by undulations of the
whole body by the contractions of muscles built into the body wall.
• They exhibit an extraordinary ability to regenerate lost body parts. For example, a
planarian split lengthwise or crosswise will regenerate into two separate individuals.
The size ranges from 3 to 12 mm, and the body has two eye-spots (also known as
ocelli) that can detect the intensity of light. The eye-spots act as photoreceptors and
are used to move away from light sources. Planaria have three germ layers (
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), and are acoelomate (i.e. they have a solid
body with no body cavity). They have a single-opening digestive tract, consisting of
one anterior branch and two posterior branches in freshwater planarians. Because of
this three-branched organization, freshwater flatworms are often referred to as triclad
planarians.
Freshwater Nematode (Nematoda)
Freshwater Nematode
(Nematoda)
• The Nematode Worms.
“The nematodes are (along with copepod crustaceans) frequently

described as "probably the most numerous animals on Earth".
Some 80,000 species are described in the literature; possibly a
million exist. They live in the soil, in the oceans and fresh water, and
are found as internal parasites of most animals and many plants.
It has also been said that if the animals of the world (apart from
nematodes) were to dematerialize, their ghostly forms would be
recognizable by the populations of nematodes which inhabit their
tissues. There are certainly regions of the world where this would be
true. “
• http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/helmint/nematod/nema0100.htm
Freshwater Nematode
(Nematoda)
• “The larger parasitic nematodes are referred to as roundworms, and the
smaller parasites as threadworms. They have cylindrical bodies with no
trace of segmentation. Chaetae (bristles) are seen only in some of the
marine forms. The outer elastic cuticle is shed four times during the life of
the worm. The mouth is at or near the anterior end, and the gut is a straight
non-muscular tube with an anus at or near the posterior end. A muscular
pharynx with a bulbous swelling towards the end is observable in the
microscopic forms.
The sexes are separate -- there is no hermaphroditism in the nematodes,

but in certain species the females at certain stages reproduce
parthenogenetically. They have no blood system, no respiratory system and
no cilia. They also have no circular muscle, which means they are not
capable of the contractions and constrictions shown by other worms, and
typically move in a series of tight S-shaped curves which are fascinating to
observe . “http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/helmint/nematod/nema0100.htm
(Rotifera)
http://www.bruderhof.org/articles/images/microslides/40rotifer.htm
(Rotifera)
• The rotifers make up a phylum of microscopic and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate animals.
They were first described by Rev. John Harris in 1696 and other forms were described by
Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1703.[1] Most rotifers are around 0.1-0.5 mm long, and are common in
freshwater environments throughout the world with a few saltwater species. Some rotifers are
free swimming and truly planktonic, others move by inchworming along the substrate, and some
are sessile, living inside tubes or gelatinous holdfasts that are attached to a substrate. About 25
species are colonial (e.g., Sinantherina semibullata), either sessile or planktonic.
• Rotifers get their name (derived from Latin and meaning "wheel-bearer";[5] they have also been
called wheel animalcules) from the corona, which is composed of several ciliated tufts around the
mouth that in motion resemble a wheel. These create a current that sweeps food into the mouth,
where it is chewed up by a characteristic pharynx (called the mastax) containing a tiny, calcified,
jaw-like structure called the trophi. The cilia also pull the animal, when unattached, through the
water. Most free-living forms have pairs of posterior toes to anchor themselves while feeding.
Rotifaers have bilateral symmetry and a variety of different shapes. There is a well-developed
cuticle which may be thick and rigid, giving the animal a box-like shape, or flexible, giving the
animal a worm-like shape; such rotifers are respectively called loricate and illoricate.
(Rotifera)Un-identified Species
Rotaria (Rotifera)
Rotaria have reduced cilia and worm-like bodies. They are “hunters”.
Rotaria (Rotifera)
• “Apart from using its ciliated crown for
locomotion this Rotaria can also creep
with its head and tail end. It uses the
stickyness of the tail to attach itself to a
surface while feeding. The feeding is done
by making a current with the crown of cilia
to sweep in food.”
• http://www.microscopy-
uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/extra/rotif9.html
Rotaria “Jaws”
Rotaria are carnivores (unusual for rotifers)

Tardigrade (Tardigradia)
http://www.astrosurf.com/lombry/bioastro-adaptation5.htm
Tardigrade (Tardigradia)
• Tardigrade
• “Tardigrades (commonly known as water bears) form the phylum

Tardigrada, part of the superphylum Ecdysozoa. They are
microscopic, water-dwelling, segmented animals with eight legs.
Tardigrades were first described by Johann August Ephraim Goeze
in 1773 (kleiner Wasserbär = little water bear). The name
Tardigrada means "slow walker" and was given by Spallanzani in
1777. The name water bear comes from the way they walk,
reminiscent of a bear's. The biggest adults may reach a body length
of 1.5 mm, the smallest below 0.1 mm. Freshly hatched larvae may
be smaller than 0.05 mm.”
Freshwater Oligochaete
• Phylum Annelida
Notice the desmids and diatoms
http://www.microscopy-uk.net/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.net/mag/artsep03/menu.html
Chaetogaster (Annelida)
Chaetogaster
•
Genus: Chaetobaster
Von Baer, 1827
• “The genus Chaetogaster belongs to the segmented worms (Annelida). It is

classified in the subfamily Naidinae of the family (biology) Tubificidae in the order
Oligochaeta. These are ca. 2-25 mm long transparent worms that are very common
in fresh water and often form chains of individuals through asexual multiplication.
• Morphology
• Externally, the animals correspond to the general building plan of the Naidinae,
however, in distinction from the other species, they bear setae (bristles) only on their
ventral side, which is what gives them their name. The size of the worms, and of their
setae too, is very variable even within single species.”
Aeolosomas (Annelida)
Water Mite (Arthropoda)
Water Mites
• “Water mites can usually be found around the edges of
ponds and lakes, either swimming in the vicinity of
submerged plants or foraging on their leaves and stems.
They are often brightly coloured, most often some shade
of red or green, although blue, yellow and tan colours
are also seen. The adults are rarely larger than about
2mm or smaller than 0.5mm. The largest known varieties
can reach 8mm.
Having eight legs and a pair of palps, they can appear at
first to resemble tiny spiders, but closer inspection
reveals that what would be cephalothorax and abdomen
in a spider is in the water mites fused into a single body
part having no sign of segmentation.”
• http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/chelicer/mitaqua/mita0100.htm
Chironomid (midge) larva
(Arthropoda)
http://www.microscopy-uk.net/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.net/mag/artsep03/menu.html
Chironomid (midge) larva
(Arthropoda)
• Chironomid Midges
• Richard M. Houseman
Urban Entomology Extension Specialist
• “Chironomid midges (gnats) are small flies that range in size from
1/16 to 1/2 inch long. They range in color from light tan to light green
to nearly black, depending on the species. Midges can be confused
with mosquitoes, which are similar in size, appearance and habitat;
however, midges are distinctly different from mosquitoes in their
feeding habits. Mosquitoes possess a long, beaklike mouthpart that
is used to suck blood, whereas most midges do not even feed as
adults and never take a blood meal. In addition, midges typically
have “fuzzy” antenna, a characteristic found, to a lesser extent, only
in male mosquitoes.”
• http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/agguides/pests/g07402.htm
Cypris (Arthropoda)
Hydra
http://www.marksimmons.org/closeup/microimg/pages/ostracod_and_hydra.htm
Cypris (Arthropoda)
http://www.osaka-kyoiku.ac.jp/~ikuta/ostracods.html
Cypris
• “Cypris are ostracods (a type of crustacean) and related to mussels
and shrimp. They are small, about 1/2-2mm long, with a hard outer
shell. In freshwater ponds they are usually found scuttling around
among the debris at the shallow edges. They swim smoothly with
appendages extended from between the two halves of their carapace
(shell). When disturbed, they withdraw their limbs into their shell and
clamp the halves tightly together.
• They can be seen with your lowest power (40X). Due to the opaque
shell which makes it difficult to see their internal structure, just the
antennae and limbs appear out of the gap between the two halves of
the shell . Young specimens are the most rewarding for examination,
as their shells are generally more transparent than those of the
adults.
• They are food for the Hydra and small fish.”
critters/animals/cypris.htm
Daphnia (Arthropoda)
“ Daphnia, also called "water
fleas" are found in the order
Cladocera. Daphnia are
crustaceans and related to
lobsters, crabs and
shrimp.”
http://www.microscope-microscope.org/applications/pond-critters/animals/daphnia.htm
http://www.btinternet.com/~stephen.durr/photographthree.html
Daphnia (Arthropoda)
•
“Genus: Daphnia
Müller, 1785 Species Subgenus Daphnia
• Daphnia are small, planktonic crustaceans, between 0.2 and 5 mm in length.
Daphnia are members of the order Cladocera, and are one of the several small
aquatic crustaceans commonly called water fleas because of their saltatory swimming
style (although fleas are insects and thus only very distantly related). They live in
various aquatic environments ranging from acidic swamps to freshwater lakes, ponds,
streams and rivers.”
Daphnia Head
Daphnia Abdomen
Camptocercus (Arthropoda)
• Another caldocerean (water flea)
http://www.cnas.smsu.edu/zooplankton/Camptocercus.htm
Camptocercus
• “The Genus Camptocercus is a group of
small waterfleas…. Fine features of the
postabdomen (number of denticles) are
used to distinguish among species -
necessitating use of a high-powered light
microscope at a minimum.”
• http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/seagrant/GLWL/
Zooplankton/Cladocera/CladoceraKeyCa
mptocercus.html
Cyclops (Arthropoda)
“The cyclops has 5 pair of legs and a divided tail-like
appendage called a furca. The Cyclops is very small
about 2-3mm long with one black or red eye in the
middle of its head. The cyclops is named after the
one-eyed monster of Greek legend.”
http://www.microscope-microscope.org/applications/pond-critters/animals/cyclops.htm
Nauplius larvae of a copepod
Mama Copepod Releasing
Nauplius Larvae
Nauplius Larva
• “Nauplius larva The first, free-swimming, planktonic larva of most
marine and some freshwater crustaceans. It has no evident
segmentation. There is a single, median, nauplius eye at the front of
the head. There are only three pairs of appendages, the first and
second antennae, and the mandibles. The second antennae and
mandibles bear swimming setae. Additional trunk segments and
appendages appear with successive moults, the increments
proceeding from anterior to posterior. The late nauplius stages are
often called metanauplii. The term ‘post-larva’ is applied to all
immature crustaceans when the full complement of segments and
appendages have developed. Some or all larval stages are absent
in certain groups of Crustacea, and in others they may be
considerably modified. (Nauplius was the son of Poseidon, god of
the sea.)”
• http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-naupliuslarva.html
Canthocamptus (Arthropoda)
Physa (Mollusca)
http://www.applesnail.net/content/snails_various.php#Physidae
Physa
• “Physa
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Genus: Physa
•
Physa is a genus of small, left-handed or sinistral, air-breathing freshwater
snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Physidae.
• These snails eat algae, diatoms and other detritus.
• These small snails are quite distinctive, because they have shells
that are sinistral, which means that if you hold the shell such that the
spire is pointing up, then the aperture is on the left-hand side.
• The shells of Physa species have a long and large aperture, a
pointed spire, and no operculum. The shells are thin and corneous
and rather transparent.”
Lemna (Anthophyta)
• Duckweed
http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/aq_macr8.html
Lemna (Anthophyta)
• “Lemna
• Duckweed
Common Duckweed (Lemna minor)
•
Genus: Lemna
L. Species About 13, including:
• Lemna is a genus of free-floating aquatic plants from the duckweed family.

These rapidly-growing plants have found uses as a model system for
studies in basic plant biology, in ecotoxicology, in production of
biopharmaceuticals, and as a source of animal feeds for agriculture and
aquaculture.”

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Pond Organisms

Last updated: 2/20/2009

A. flagellipodia (Schaeffer, 1926). Freshwater. c50mm in length

Common epizoite on copepods

• “The Epistylis belongs to the Phyllum Ciliophora.

• “Peranema are small flagellates and range in size from 20-70 um in

“The nematodes are (along with copepod crustaceans) frequently

The sexes are separate -- there is no hermaphroditism in the nematodes,

Rotaria are carnivores (unusual for rotifers)

• “Tardigrades (commonly known as water bears) form the phylum

• “The genus Chaetogaster belongs to the segmented worms (Annelida). It is

• Lemna is a genus of free-floating aquatic plants from the duckweed family.

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