Chapter 1

Properties of Matter
1. Phases of Matter
2. Density
3. Pressure in Fluids
4. Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge
Pressure

Units of Chapter 1
General Properties of Matter
Matter is anything that
has mass and volume
Everything is made of
matter
The three common phases of matter are solid,
liquid, and gas.
Solid fixed shape, fixed size, tightly packed
and the particles vibrate
Liquid Liquids have particles that are close
together, but are free to move. Takes the shape
of the container, its volume can be changed
significantly only by a very large force
Gas neither fixed shape, nor a fixed volume.
1.1 Phases of Matter
FLUID
Since liquid+gas do not
maintain a fixed shape, they
both have the ability to flow
FLUIDS

What are properties?
Characteristics used to
describe an object
Ex: color, odor, shape,
size, texture,hardness
General Properties of matter
Mass, weight, volume,
and density
Properties are used to
identify a substance
What is mass?
Mass is the amount of
matter in an object
Mass is constant
Mass is also the
measure of inertia
What would take up more space???
A kilogram of feathers..
or a kilogram of steel??

OR
Density is the measure of the
compactness of a material
More than just the heaviness of a
substance, density includes how
much space an object takes up!!
All substances have density
including liquids, solids, and gases

Compactness

1.2 Density
Density is given by:



The symbol for density is rho.
Density is simply mass per unit
volume.


) (
) (
V volume
m mass
=
Substance Density (kg/m
3
)
Solid
Aluminium 2.70 10
3
Iron and steel 7.8 10
3
Copper 8.9 10
3

Lead 11.3 10
3

Gold 19.3 10
3

Concrete 2.3 10
3

Granite 2.7 10
3

Wood (typical) 0.3 0.9 10
3

Glass,
common
2.4 2.8 10
3

Ice 0.917 10
3

Bone 1.7 2.0 10
3

Substance Density (kg/m
3
)
Liquid
Water (4C) 1.00 10
3

Sea water 1.025 10
3

Blood, plasma 1.03 10
3

Blood, whole 1.05 10
3

Mercury 13.6 10
3

Alcohol, ethyl 0.79 10
3

Gasoline 0.68 10
3

Substance Density
(kg/m
3
)
Gas
Air 1.29
Helium 0.179
Carbon dioxide 1.98
Water (steam, 100C) 0.598
1.2 Density
Example 1-1: Mass, given volume and
density.
What is the mass of a solid iron wrecking
ball of radius 18 cm?
Liquid Layers
If you pour together liquids that dont mix
and have different densities, they will form
liquid layers.
The liquid with the highest density will be
on the bottom.
The liquid with the lowest density will be
on the top.
Liquid Layers
Check out this picture. Which
layer has the highest density?
Which layer has the lowest
density?
Imagine that the liquids have the
following densities:
10g/cm
3
. 3g/cm
3
.
6g/cm
3
. 5g/cm
3
.
Which number would go with
which layer?
Liquid Layers Try on your own!
Imagine that the
liquids on the right
have the following
densities:
15g/cm
3
10g/cm
3

3g/cm
3
9g/cm
3

7g/cm
3
12g/cm
3

Match the colors to
the correct densities.
3g/cm
3
7g/cm
3
9g/cm
3
10g/cm
3
12g/cm
3
15g/cm
3
1.3 Pressure in Fluids
(1) Variation of pressure with area:
Pressure is defined as force per unit
area.


Is a scalar quantity, with SI unit Nm
-2
or
Pascal (Pa).

) (
) (
A area
F force
P =
Example 1.2: Calculating pressure.
The two feet of a 60-kg person cover an
area of 500 cm
2
.
(a) Determine the pressure exerted by the
two feet on the ground.
(b) If the person stands on one foot, what
will the pressure be under that foot?
Pressure Depends on Depth, not
Shape

All these containers are the same height.
Therefore, the pressure at the bottom of each is
the same. The shape matters not !
Note: Were talking about the pressure inside the fluid, not
the pressures exerted by the containers on the table,
which would greater for a cylinder than a cone of the same
height & base.
1-3 Pressure in Fluids
Pressure is the same in every
direction in a static fluid at a
given depth; if it were not, the
fluid would flow.
Pressure in Fluid
(2) Variation of pressure with depth

gh P =
This relation is valid for
any liquid whose
density does not
change with depth.
At sea level the atmospheric pressure is about
1.013 x 10
5
N/m
2
; this is called 1 atmosphere (atm).
Another unit of pressure is the bar:
1 bar = 1.00 x 10
5
N/m
2
.

Standard atmospheric pressure is just over 1 bar.
This pressure does not crush us, as our cells
maintain an internal pressure that balances it.
1-4 Atmospheric Pressure and
Gauge Pressure
Most pressure gauges measure the pressure
above the atmospheric pressurethis is called
the gauge pressure.
The absolute pressure is the sum of the
atmospheric pressure and the gauge pressure.
1-4 Atmospheric Pressure and
Gauge Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure (P
atm
)
Absolute pressure at three different point
are:-
C atm C
B atm B
atm A
gh P P
gh P P
P P

+ =
+ =
=
A
B
C
h
B
h
C
Example 1.3
A 50 kg woman balances on one heel of
a pair of high heeled shoes. If the heel
is circular in shape and has a radius 0.5
cm, what pressure does she exerts on
the floor?
Pa
r
mg
A
F
P 10 245 . 6
) 10 5 . 0 (
81 . 9 50
6
2 2 2
=

= = =

t t
Variation of Pressure in different
materials
A
B
Liquid A
P
atm
C P
3
P
1
P
2
Liquid B
Liquid C
h
A
h
C
h
B
A A atm
gh P P + =
1
B B
gh P P + =
1 2
C C
gh P P + =
2 3
Example 1.4
a) Calculate the absolute pressure at an
ocean depth of 1000 m. Assume the
density of seawater is 1024 kg m
-3
and
the air exerts a pressure of 101.3 kPa.



Pa 10 015 . 1
) 1000 81 . 9 1024 ( ) 10 3 . 101 (
) (
7
3
=
+ =
+ =
P
P
gh P P a
water atm

Example 1.5
Given
water
= 110
3
kg m
-3
and
oil
=
0.8210
3
kg m
-3
. Calculate the pressure
at the bottom of the tank.
Oil
B
P
atm
= 101.3 kPa

Water
P
1
P
2
1.4 m

2 m

Pa 10 322 . 1
) 2 )( 81 . 9 )( 10 1 ( 10 126 . 1
is, bottom at the pressure the Therefore,
Pa 10 126 . 1
) 4 . 1 )( 81 . 9 )( 10 82 . 0 ( 10 3 . 101
5
2
3 5
2
1 2
5
1
3 3
1
1
=
+ =
+ =
=
+ =
+ =
P
P
gh P P
P
P
gh P P
water water
oil oil atm

Question 1
If you try to smuggle gold bricks by filling
your backpack, whose dimensions are
60 cm 25 cm 15 cm, what would its
mass be?
Given
gold
= 19.3 10
3
kg m
-3
kg kgm
m
cm
m
cm m V
kgm
cm cm cm cm V
V m
V
m
25 . 434 10 3 . 19 0.0225m m
0225 . 0
1
) 10 1 (
22500 : in
10 3 . 19 and
22500 15 25 60 Given
3 3 3
3
3
3 3 2
3 3
3 3
gold
3
= =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
= =
=
=

Question 2
Estimate the pressure exerted on a floor
by:
a) A pointed loudspeaker leg (60 kg on
four legs) of area = 0.05 cm
2
, and
compare it
b) to the pressure exerted by a 1500 kg
elephant standing on one foot (area =
800 cm
2
)

2 - 5
4
2 - 7
2 2
Nm 10 84 . 1
10 800
81 . 9 1500
Nm 10 94 . 2
4 ) 10 ( 05 . 0
81 . 9 60
=

=
=
=


=
=

Pe
A
F
P
P
A
F
P
e
e
e
s
s
s
s
Question 3
What is the pressure at the bottom of a
swimming pool of 22 m by 8.5 m whose
uniform depth is 2 m? What will be the
total force on the bottom of the
swimming pool?
P
atm
= 1.013 10
5
Nm
-2

water
= 1 10
3
kg m
-3
+ =
= =
=
=
+ =
+ =
N 10 3 . 2
) 5 . 8 22 ( ) 10 2 . 1 (
Nm 10 2 . 1
) 2 )( 81 . 9 )( 10 1 ( ) 10 013 . 1 (
7
5
2 - 5
3 5
F
A P F
A
F
P
P
P
P P P
pool atm
Density
The density of water is 1.0 g/ml
Objects with densities greater
than 1.0 will sink in water
Objects with densities less than
1.0 g/ml will float on water

Ice
Ice floats therefore it is
less dense than water

Astronomy fact!
The planet Saturn has a
density of less than 1.0 g/ml.
If there was an ocean big
enough to hold it, it would
float!
Calculations
If 96.5 grams of gold
has a volume of 5 cubic
centimeters, what is
the density of gold?
Calculation
If 96.5 g of aluminum has a
volume of 35 cm
3
, what is the
density of aluminum?

Calculation
If the density of a diamond is 3.5
g/cm
3
, what would be the mass of
a diamond whose volume is 0.5
cm
3
?

Phases of matter: solid, liquid, gas
Liquids and gases are called fluids.
Density is mass per unit volume.
Pressure is force per unit area.
Pressure at a depth h is gh.
External pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted
throughout the fluid.
Gauge pressure is the total pressure minus the
atmospheric pressure.

Summary of Chapter 1