CONTENTS

Introduction Wi-com Through Soil Using EM Waves 2-path Rayleigh Fading Channel Model Wi-com Through Soil Using Magnetic Induction Practical Approach Paging Systems Critical Requirements

INTRODUCTION
Wireless Underground Communication Networks (WUCNs) constitute one of the promising application areas of the recently developed wireless networking techniques. The WUCNs consist of wireless devices that operate below the ground surface. These devices are either (i) Buried completely under dense soil or (ii) Placed within a bounded open underground space such as underground mines and road/subway tunnels.

Wi-com through soil using EM waves

EM waves encounter much higher attenuation in soil compared to air. This severely hampers the communication quality. Moreover, the ground surface causes reflection as well as refraction, which requires a comprehensive investigation of the channel model. Therefore, advanced models are necessary to accurately and completely characterize the underground channel and to lay out the foundations for efficient underground communication.

Design Considerations For Channel

Signal propagation through soil Pr = Pt + Gr + Gt Lp Reflection from ground surface Multi-path fading Characteristics of EM waves in soil Modulation scheme Operation frequency and deployment depth Transmit power and volumetric water content

Wi-com through soil using magnetic induction

Practical Approach
Vehicular Communications 2500 ft Underground
Communications with underground mining vehicles normally are by low frequency FM carrier equipment coupled to the trolley wire of electric locomtives operating on an extensive track system. Low frequency (100 KHz) wireless systems offer good mine coverage by the deliberate coupling of a base Station receiver and transmitter to the mine power system.

Critical Requirements
Stability:
Power system stability basically refers to the ability of operating an AC network with all generators in synchronism, retaining synchronism even after a large disturbance

Hierarchical Robust Power System Controller

Execution Level
o o

Management Level

Signal pre-processor Actuator / Distributor

Operation Level
o o

Operation Level

System modal identifier Damping loop

Management Level
o

Execution Level
Power System

Fuzzy logic based parameter tuner

Security
Security refers to the ability of the system to respond only to intended operator commands, blocking all unintended operations.

Network
Internal Sources
Information & decisions

Market
Communication systems

External Sources

Natural calamities Intentional human acts

Energy management systems

Archiving Sensory information

Command and control

EMS
State estimator

Generator controls

Operator interaction

GPS or LEO satellite communication Internet based communication channel Internet based or more direct and faster communication channel

Time synchronization (GPS) / Self healing / Info. Exchange (LEO)

Intranet Ethernet or model based network is used in the Intranet. Each Intranet can have a gateway that handles IP addresses in the Intranet

Strategic power infrastructure main system

Internet or any other communication channel for a number of Intranets

THANKS