R.RAMAKRISHNAN. EX-SCIENTIST.MERADO. ASNT LEVEL III.

RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS
THE WELDING DISCONTINUITIES OF AND DEFECTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED IN TO VOLUME DISCONTINUITIES PLANNAR DISCONTINUITIES LINEAR DISCONTINUITIES RADIOGRAPHY IS THE BEST METHOD TO RECORD VOLUME DISCONTINUITIES. ULTRASONIC IS BEST SUITED FOR VOLUME & PLANNAR DISCONTINUITIES.

VOLUME DISCONTINUITIES
1. POROSITY - INDIVIDUAL, CLUSTER,ALIGNED,RANDOM WORM HOLES,HOLLOW BEAD. 2. INCLUSIONS - NON METALLIC&METALIC,SLAG,SLAG LINE(WAGON TRACKS) 3. BURN THROUGH 4. SUCKBACK OR CONCAVITY.

2
3 4

PLANNAR DISCONTINUITIES
LOF BETWEEN PASSES. LAMINATION IN PLATES NOT DETECTED BY RADIOGRAPHY

LINEAR DISCONTINUITIES
1. LOF BETWEEN SIDEWALLS AND WELD 2. INCOMPLETE PENETRATION 3. CRACKS 4. MISMATCH WITH IF. 5. INCOMPLETE FUSION AT ROOT OR CAP.

RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
SWSI

FILM SCREEN COMBINATION

FILM
IQI

s
IQI IQI

SOURCE INSIDE FILM OUTSIDE SWSI PANAROMIC EXPOSURE

SWSI
S

FILM

IQI

SOURCE INSIDE FILM OUTSIDE

SWSI

FILM

SOURCE OUTSIDE FILM INSIDE

SWSI
S1 S2

15

S1 - F1 S2 - F2 10 - 15 OFFSET TO PENETRATE THE ROOT F1

TWO INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURES ON TWO SEPARATE FILMS

SWSI THROUGH PENETRATION WELD

S2

S1
45

F1 S1 - F1 S2 - F2 TWO INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURES ON TWO SEPARATE FILMS

SWSI LAP JOINT

S2
10- 15

F1

10- 15

F2
S1- F1 S2- F2 TWO INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURES ON TWO SEPARATE FILMS

S1

DWSI S
DWSI FOR LARGE CS JOINTS, CROSS COUNTRY PIPE LINES, SOURCE OUTSIDE, FILM OUTSIDE, IQI ON FILM SIDE

MIN. SFD > OD OF PIPE

FILM WELD IS SEGMENTED TO COVER THE ENTIRE GRITH + OVERLAP.

DWDI

PIPES<3 OD OD/ID RATIO LESS THAN 2

FILM

ELLIPTICAL IMAGE

TWO EXPOSURES AT 90 APART TO COVER COMPLETE VOLUME OF WELD

DWDI SUPERIMPOSED

PIPE OD < 3 OD/ID> 2. No. OF SHOTS REQD. 1.7 X OD/ID ( To the Next Highest integer) Not Covered in Two Exposures At 90 Apart. Double Wall super Imposed Image interpreted for Both sides of Welds SOURCE SIDE FILM SIDE IMAGES OVERLAPED

INCOMPLETE PENETRATION

CRACKS T

HAZ
T S

MISMATCH WITH IF

CAP INCOMPLETE FUSION

ROOT INCOMPLETE FUSION

THANK YOU

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