By: Claire Daiynes V.

Pama

Is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer.

Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine and/or to express algorithms precisely.

The earliest programming languages predate the invention of the computer, and were used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jacquard looms and player pianos. Most programming languages describe computation in an imperative style, i.e., as a sequence of commands, although some languages, such as those that support functional programming or logic programming, use alternative forms of description.

Year 1949 C-10

Name

~1837 1948 1948

Analytical Engine order code Curry notation system CPC Coding scheme

1949

Brief Code Von Neumann and Goldstine graphing system (Notation)

1946

Chief developer, Predecessor(s) Company Betty Holberton ENIAC Short Code Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace * Haskell Curry ENIAC coding system Analytical Engine Howard H. Aiken order code John Mauchly and Willia m F. Schmitt ENIAC Short Code John von Neumann and Herm an Goldstine ENIAC coding system

194346 ENIAC coding system 1947 ARC Assembly

John von Neumann, John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert, Herman Goldstine after Alan * Turing

Kathleen Booth[1][2] Konrad Zuse

ENIAC coding system *

194345 Plankalkl (concept) Plankalkl (concept published) 1948

1946
1949

ENIAC Short Code Seeber coding scheme (concept)

Konrad Zuse Richard Clippinger, John von Neumann after Alan Turing
Robert Seeber

ENIAC coding system

CPC Coding scheme

Year

Name

Chief developer, Company William F Schmidt, A.B. Tonik, J.R. Logan Kathleen Booth Heinz Rutishauser Edward A Voorhees and Karl Balke Arthur Burks Maurice Wilkes

Predecessor(s)

1950 Short Code 1950 Birkbeck Assembler 1951 Superplan

Brief Code ARC Plankalkl

1951 ALGAE Intermediate Programming 1951 Language

1951 Regional Assembly Language

*
Short Code EDSAC

Boehm unnamed coding 1951 system 1951 Klammerausdrcke

Corrado Bhm Konrad Zuse

CPC Coding scheme Plankalkl Short Code *

1951 OMNIBAC Symbolic Assembler Charles Katz 1951 Stanislaus (Notation) Fritz Bauer

1951 Whirlwind assembler 1951 Rochester assembler 1951 Sort Merge Generator

Charles Adams and Jack Gilmore at MIT Project Whirlwind EDSAC Nat Rochester Betty Holberton EDSAC *

1952 A-0

Grace Hopper

C-10 and Short Code

1952 Autocode 1952 Editing Generator 1952 COMPOOL 1953 Speedcoding

Alick Glennie after Alan Turing CPC Coding scheme Milly Koss RAND/SDC John W. Backus SORT/MERGE * *

1953 READ/PRINT

Don Harroff, James Fishman, George Ryckman *

1954 Laning and Zierler system 1954 Mark I Autocode

Laning, Zierler, Adams at MIT Project Whirlwind * Tony Brooker Glennie Autocode

195455 Fortran (concept)

Team led by John W. Backus at IBM Speedcoding Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC A-0 Team led by Charles Katz A-0 H G Kahrimanian *

1954 ARITH-MATIC 1954 MATH-MATIC 1954 MATRIX MATH

1954 IPL I (concept)

Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon *

1955 FLOW-MATIC 1955 BACAIC 1955 PACT I

Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC M. Grems and R. Porter SHARE

A-0

FORTRAN, A-2

195556 195556

Fritz Bauer and Karl Sequentielle Formelbersetzung Samelson Team led by Alan IT Perlis

Boehm Laning and Zierler

1955 PRINT

IBM Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon IPL I John McCarthy Bob Bemer John W. Backus at IBM Remington Rand UNIVAC IPL FLOW-MATIC FORTRAN

1958 IPL II (implementation) 195658 LISP (concept) 1957 COMTRAN 1957 Fortran I (implementation)

195758 UNICODE
1957 COMIT (concept)

MATH-MATIC
*

1958 Fortran II

Team led by John W. Backus at IBM

1958 ALGOL 58 (IAL)

ACM/GAMM Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon Fletcher R. Jones, Roy Nutt, Robert L. Patrick

FORTRAN I FORTRAN, IT and Sequentielle Formelbersetzung

1958 IPL V

IPL II

1959 FACT 1959 COBOL (concept) 1959 JOVIAL

* FLOW-MATIC, The CODASYL Committee COMTRAN, FACT Jules Schwartz at SDC ALGOL 58

1959 LISP (implementation)

John McCarthy

IPL

MAD Michigan Algorithm Arden, Galler, 1959 Decoder and Graham

ALGOL 58

1959

TRAC (concept)

Mooers

Year 1960 ALGOL 60

Name

Chief developer, Company

Predecessor(s) ALGOL 58

FLOW-MATIC, 1960 COBOL 61 (implementation) The CODASYL Committee COMTRAN 1961 COMIT (implementation)
1962 Fortran IV 1962 APL (concept) Iverson

*
FORTRAN II *

1962 Simula (concept)

1962 1962 Simula (concept) 1962 SNOBOL 1963 1963 1963 CPL 1963 SNOBOL3

ALGOL 60
ALGOL 60 FORTRAN II, Griswold, et al. COMIT Barron, Strach ey, et al. ALGOL 60 Griswold, et al. SNOBOL van Wijngaarden, e t al. ALGOL 60 Cliff Shaw, RAND ALGOL 58

1963 1963

1963 ALGOL 68 (concept) 1963 JOSS I

1964 MIMIC 1964 COWSEL 1964 PL/I (concept) 1964 BASIC 1964 IBM RPG 1964 Mark-IV

H. E. Petersen, et al. MIDAS Burstall, Popplestone CPL, LISP IBM Kemeny and Kurtz IBM Informatics ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN FORTRAN II, JOSS FARGO

1964 Speakeasy-2 1964 TRAC (implementation) 1964 IITRAN 1965 MAD/I (concept) 1965 TELCOMP 1966 JOSS II

Stanley Cohen at Argonne National Laboratory Speakeasy Mooers

University of Michigan BBN Chuck Baker, RAND

MAD, ALGOL 60, PL/I JOSS JOSS I

1966 ALGOL W

Niklaus Wirth, C. A. R. Hoare

ALGOL 60

1966 Fortran 66
1966 ISWIM (Concept) 1966 CORAL66 1967 BCPL Richards Landin

FORTRAN IV
LISP ALGOL 60 CPL

1967 MUMPS

Massachusetts General Hospital

FORTRAN, TELCOMP

1967 APL (implementation) Simula 1967 67 (implementation) 1967 InterLisp

1967 SNOBOL4

Iverson * Dahl, Myhrhaug, Nygaard at Norsk Regnesentral ALGOL 60 D.G. Bobrow and D.L. Murphy Lisp
SNOBOL3

Griswold, et al. W. M. McKeeman, et al. at University of California Santa Cruz, California J. J. Horning, et 1967 XPL al. at Stanford University A. van Wijngaarden, B.J. ALGOL Mailloux, J.E.L. 68 (UNESCO/IFIPstandard Peck and Cornelis H. A. 1968 ) Koster, et al.

PL/I

ALGOL 60

1968 POP-1
1968 DIBOL-8 1968 Forth (concept)

Burstall, Popplestone COWSEL

DEC Moore DIBOL

1968 LOGO
1968 MAPPER 1968 REFAL (implementation) 1969 PL/I (implementation)

Papert
Unisys Valentin Turchin IBM

LISP
CRT RPS * ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN

1969 B

Ken Thompson, with contributions from Dennis Ritchie Thomas A. Standish at Harvard University Jack Schwartz at Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences

BCPL

1969 PPL

1969 SETL

1969

TUTOR

Paul Tenczar & University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Year

Name

Chief developer, Company Moore

Predecessor(s)

1970 Forth (implementation) 1970 POP-2 1970 Pascal

POP-1 Wirth, Jensen ALGOL 60, ALGOL W Daniel G. Bobrow at Xerox PARC, Terry Winograd at Stanfo KM, FRL (MIT) rd University Holt et al. at University of Toronto Pascal, XPL Xerox PARC Simula 67

1971 KRL

1971 Sue 1972 Smalltalk

1972 PL/M 1972 C

Kildall at Digital Research Dennis Ritchie

PL/I, ALGOL, XPL B, BCPL, ALGOL 68

1972 INTERCAL
1972 Prolog SQL aka structured query 1972 language 1973 COMAL 1973 ML

Don Woods and James M. Lyon * Colmerauer 2-level W-Grammar

IBM Ingres Christensen, Lfste dt Pascal, BASIC Robin Milner

1973 LIS

Ichbiah et al. at CII Honeywell Bull Stanley Cohen, Steven Pieper at Argonne National Laboratory DeFanti MAI BASIC Four Inc.

Pascal, Sue

1973 Speakeasy-3 1974 GRASS 1974 BASIC FOUR

Speakeasy-2 BASIC Business BASIC

1975 ABC 1975 Scheme

Leo Geurts and Lambert SETL Meertens Sussman, Steele LISP

1975 Altair BASIC

Gates, Allen Miller, Brosgol et al. at Intermetrics Wirth

BASIC ALGOL 68, BLISS, ECL, HAL Pascal

1975 CS-4 1975 Modula

1976 Plus

Allan Ballard, Paul Whaley at the University of British Columbia Pascal, Sue Xerox PARC
Claude A.R. Kagan

1976 Smalltalk-76
1976 SAM76

Smalltalk-72
LISP, TRAC

1976 Ratfor

Kernighan John Chambers at Bell Labs John Backus Bourne Jack Tramiel

C, FORTRAN APL, PPL, Scheme * * Licenced from Microsoft

1976 S 1977 FP 1977 Bourne Shell (sh) 1977 Commodore BASIC

1977 IDL

David Stern of Research Systems Inc Fortran

1977 Standard MUMPS 1977 Icon (concept) Griswold

MUMPS SNOBOL

1977 Green

Ichbiah et al. at CII Honeywell Bull for US Dept of Defense ALGOL 68, LIS

1977 Red

Brosgol et al. at Intermetrics for US Dept of Defense

Goodenough et al. at SofTech for US Dept of Defense

ALGOL 68, CS-4

1977 Blue

ALGOL 68

1977 Yellow

Spitzen et al. at SRI International for US Dept of Defense ALGOL 68

1978

MATLAB

1978

SMALL

1978 VisiCalc 1979 Modula-2 1979 REXX 1979 AWK 1979 Icon (implementation) 1979 Vulcan dBase-II

Moler at the University of New Mexico * Brownlee at the University of Auckland Algol60 Bricklin, Frankston marketed by VisiCorp * Wirth Cowlishaw Modula PL/I, BASIC, EXEC 2

Aho, Weinberger, K ernighan C, SNOBOL Griswold Ratliff SNOBOL *

Year

Name

1980 Ada 80 (MIL-STD-1815) 1980 C with classes

Chief developer, Predecessor(s) Company Ichbiah at CII Honeywell Bull Green Stroustrup C, Simula 67 BASIC, Compiler Systems, Digital Research BASIC

198081 CBASIC 1981 IBM BASICA

Gordon Eubanks Microsoft

1982 1982

Speakeasy-IV Draco

Stanley Cohen, et al. at Speakeasy Computing Corporation Speakeasy-3 Chris Gray Pascal, C, ALGOL 68

PostScript
1983 GW-BASIC

Warnock
Microsoft

InterPress
IBM BASICA Ada 80, Green C with Classes

1983 Ada 83 (ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A) Ichbiah at Alsys 1983 C++ Stroustrup

1983 True BASIC 1983 occam

Kemeny, Kurtz at Dar tmouth Colleage BASIC David May EPL

1983

ABAP 1984 CLIPPER

SAP AG Nantucket

COBOL dBase

1984 Common Lisp

Guy L. Steele, Jr. and many others LISP Don Boettner, University of Michigan MAD David Korn Hewlett-Packard sh Forth, Lisp

1984 1984

GOM Good Old Mad Korn Shell (ksh) 1984 RPL

1984 Standard ML Alexander Dewdney and D.G. Jones Borland Microsoft

ML

1984 Redcode 1985 PARADOX 1985 QuickBASIC

dBase BASIC

1986 CorVision
1986 Eiffel

Cortex
Meyer

INFORM
Simula 67, Ada

1986 GFA BASIC

Frank Ostrowski

BASIC

1986 Informix-4GL 1986 LabVIEW

Informix National Instruments

David Turner at University of Kent Brad Cox Smalltalk, C

1986 Miranda 1986 Objective-C 1986 Object Pascal

Apple Computer Inc. Pascal

1986 PROMAL

1987 Ada ISO 8652:1987 1987 Self (concept)

1987 occam 2
1987 HyperTalk 1987 Perl

ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A unchanged Ada 83 Sun Microsystems Inc. Smalltalk David May and INMOS occam Apple Computer Inc. * Wall C, sed, awk, sh

1987 Oberon

Wirth

Modula-2

1987 Erlang 1987 Mathematica 1987 Turbo Basic 1988 Octave 1988 Tcl

Joe Armstrong and others in Ericsson Wolfram Research Robert 'Bob' Zale

Prolog * BASIC/Z MATLAB

Ousterhout

Awk, Lisp

1988 STOS BASIC 1988 Object REXX 1988 SPARK 1988 A+

1989 Turbo Pascal OOP 1989 Modula-3 1989 PowerBASIC

Franois Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos Simon C. Nash Bernard A. Carr Arthur Whitney Hejlsberg at Borland Cardeli, et al. DEC and Olivetti Robert 'Bob' Zale Peter Darnell, Visual Solutions

BASIC REXX Ada APL Turbo Pascal, Object Pascal

Modula-2 Turbo Basic

1989

VisSim

Year

Name

Chief developer, Company

Predecessor(s)

1990 AMOS BASIC

1990 AMPL

Franois Lionet and Constant STOS BASIC in Sotiropoulos Robert Fourer, David Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories H Mssenbck, J Templ, R Griesemer Oberon Iverson, R. Hui at Iverson Software APL, FP Miranda

1990 Object Oberon

1990 J 1990 Haskell

1990 EuLisp David J. DeWitt, Michael J. Carey

Common Lisp, Scheme

1991 GNU E

C++

1991 Oberon-2

Hanspeter Mssenbck, Wirth Object Oberon ABC, ALGOL 68,[4] Icon, Modula-3

1991 Python

Van Rossum

1991 Oz 1991 Q

Gert Smolka and his students

Albert Grf

Prolog

1991 1992 1992 1993? 1993?

Visual Basic Borland Pascal Dylan Z Shell (zsh) Self (implementati on)

Alan Cooper, sold to Microsoft

QuickBASIC Turbo Pascal OOP

many people at Apple Computer Inc.

Common Lisp, Scheme ksh

Sun Microsystems Inc.

Smalltalk

1993
1993

Brainfuck
FALSE

Urban Mller
Wouter van Oortmerssen

P
Forth

1993 Revolution Transcript

HyperTalk

1993 AppleScript
1993 K

Apple Computer Inc. HyperTalk

Arthur Whitney APL, Lisp Roberto Ierusalimschy et al. at Tecgraf, PUC- Scheme, SNOBOL, Rio Modula, CLU, C++ Robert Gentleman and Ro ss Ihaka S Chamberlain et al. at University of Washington

1993 Lua

1993 R

1993 ZPL

1993 NewtonScript 1994 ANSI Common Lisp 1994 RAPID

Walter Smith

Self, Dylan Common Lisp

ABB Group

ARLA

1994 Pike
1994 ANS Forth

Fredrik Hbinette et al. at Linkping University Elizabeth Rather, et al. S. Tucker Taft, et al. at Intermetrics, Inc.

LPC, C, LPC
Forth

1995 Ada 95

Ada 83

1995 Borland Delphi 1995 ColdFusion (CFML)

Anders Hejlsberg at Borlan d Borland Pascal Allaire James Gosling at Sun Microsystems Brendan Eich at Netscape Rasmus Lerdorf C, Simula 67, C++, Smalltalk, Ada 83, Objective-C Self, C, Scheme Perl

1995 Java 1995 LiveScript 1995 PHP 1995 Ruby

Yukihiro Matsumoto Smalltalk, Perl

1996 Curl 1996 JavaScript

David Kranz, Steve Ward, Chris Terman at MIT Brendan Eich at Netscape

Lisp, C++, Tcl/Tk, TeX, HTML

LiveScript

Karl Glazebrook, Jarle Brinchmann, Tuomas Lukka, andChristian 1996 Perl Data Language(PDL) Soeller 1996 NetRexx Cowlishaw

APL, Perl
REXX

1996 Lasso 1997 Component Pascal

Blue World Communication Oberon microsystems, Inc Oberon-2

1997 E

Mark S. Miller

Joule, Original-E

1997 Pico

Free University of Brussels Scheme

1997 Squeak Smalltalk 1997 ECMAScript 1997 F-Script 1997 ISLISP 1997 Tea

Alan Kay, et al. at Apple Computer Inc.

ECMA TC39-TG1 Philippe Mougin ISO Standard ISLISP Jorge Nunes

Smalltalk-80, Self JavaScript Smalltalk, APL, Objective-C Common Lisp Java, Scheme, Tcl

1997 REBOL 1998 Standard C++ 1998 Open Source Erlang

Carl Sassenrath, Rebol Technologies

Self, Forth, Lisp, Logo

ANSI/ISO Standard C++ C++, Standard C, C Ericsson Erlang

1998 M2001

Ronald E. Prather, Trinity University (Texas)

Robert Osterlund (then at University of Chicago) W3C, James Clark

1998 Pikt 1999 XSLT (+ XPath)

AWK, Perl, Unix shell DSSSL Game Maker dBase

1999 Game Maker Language(GML) Mark Overmars 1999 Harbour Antonio Linares

Year

Name

Chief developer, Company G Stewart von Itzstein von Thun Walter Bright, Digital Mars Christophe de Dinechin

Predecessor(s) Java FP, Forth C, C++, C#, Java Ada, C++, Lisp

2000 Join Java 2000 Joy 2000 D 2000 XL

2000 C#

2000 Ferite

Anders C, C++, Java, Delphi, Hejlsberg, Microsoft (ECMA) Modula-2 C, C++, Java, PHP, Python, Ruby, Chris Ross Scheme

2001 AspectJ

2001 Processing
2001 Visual Basic .NET 2002 Io 2003 Nemerle 2003 Factor

Xerox PARC Java Casey Reas and Ben Fry Processing Microsoft Steve Dekorte University of Wrocaw Slava Pestov Visual Basic Self, NewtonScript C#, ML, MetaHaskell Joy, Forth, Lisp Smalltalk, Java, Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml

2003 Scala

Martin Odersky

2003 Squirrel

Alberto Demichelis

Lua

2004 Subtext

2004 Alma-0 2004 Boo 2004 Groovy

Jonathan Edwards * Krzysztof Apt, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica * Rodrigo B. de Oliveira Python, C#
James Strachan Java

2004 Little b

Aneil Mallavarapu, Harvard Medical School, Department of Systems Biology Lisp

2005 F#

Don Syme, Microsoft Research

Philip Wadler, University of Edinburgh ChuckEsterbrook Mooneer Salem Microsoft Ateji

Objective Caml, C#, Haskell

2006 Links 2006 Cobra 2006 Kite 2006 Windows PowerShell 2006 OptimJ

Haskell Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C * C#, ksh, Perl, CL, DCL, SQL Java

2007 Ada 2005 2007 Fantom 2007 Vala 2007 Clojure 2007 Oberon-07 2008 Pure

Ada Rapporteur Group Ada 95 C#, Scala, Ruby, Brian Frank, Andy Frank Erlang GNOME Rich Hickey Wirth [5] Albert Grf C# Lisp, ML, Haskell, Erl ang Oberon Q

2009 Seccia
2009 Go

Sylvain Seccia
Google

*
C, Oberon, Limbo JavaScript, Ruby, Pyt hon

2009 CoffeeScript

Jeremy Ashkenas

Year

Name

Chief developer, Company

Predecessor(s)

2010

Fancy

Christopher Bertels

Smalltalk, Ruby, Io, Erlang

2011

Dart

Google

Java, JavaScript, C offeeScript, Go

Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language whose design philosophy emphasizes code readability. Python claims to "[combine] remarkable power with very clear syntax", and its standard library is large and comprehensive. Its use of indentation for block delimiters is unique among popular programming languages.

QBasic is an IDE (integrated development environment-provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development) and interpreter for a variant of the BASIC programming language which is based on QuickBASIC. Code entered into the IDE is compiled to an intermediate form, and this intermediate form is immediately interpreted on demand within the IDE.

It can run under nearly all versions of DOS ( Disk Operating System) and Windows, or through DOSBox(an emulator software that emulates an IBM PC compatible computer running MS-DOS)/DOSEMU ( a compatibility layer software package that enables MS-DOS systems, DOS clones ), on Linux and FreeBSD. For its time, QBasic provided a state-of-the-art IDE, including a debugger with features such as on-the-fly expression evaluation and code modification

Source: www. Wikipedia.com