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Contents
On Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulation Time Delays Grading Between Voltage Levels Line Drop Compensation Parallel Operation Distributed Generation Supplementary Control Functions
Electrical plant is designed to operate within finite voltage limits To control the system voltage transformers with tap changers are commonly used
customer focused quality measurement percentage of time outside deadband or statuary limits length of voltage disturbance
Number of Tap Changes
supplier focused quality measurement directly relates to cost of ownership of the tap changer
4 On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformer Voltage Regulating Control
Tap-outs are normally on the HV winding Tap-outs can be at the Line End or Neutral End Causes variations in the impedance of the transformer
The load current must not be interrupted No windings should be short-circuited during transitions
Early tap changers were reactors, could be continuously rated useful when mechanisms were unreliable Resistor transition tap changers now used, reliable stored energy drive mechanisms
Diverter Compartment
All load switching takes place here. Oil contamination takes place here. Oil kept separate from selectors and main transformer tank.
Double compartment tap changers are usually found on large distribution and transmission transformers.
Voltage Regulation
10
11
Voltage Vs
+ dVs
- dVs
Time
12
V
Voltage out of deadband
Time Delay
13
Time Delays
15
definite time
Inverse Time
V<< Inhibit
Deadband
Voltage
16
Inter-tap Delay
dVs Vs
Time
Tap pulse duration - 0 to 5s (MVGC fixed at 1s)
dVs Vs
Time
The timer is reset after each operation to invoke initial timer
18
0 to 300s
Inter-tap Delay Setting Ranges
19
20
Grid Supply A
Line
T2
T3
B Load
C Load
Grid Supply A
Load
T2 T3
B C
23
Supply
CT Feeder
Load
X R Voltage Drop
Tap Changer
VT
Time Delay
+ -
Voltage Setting
24
Vr
Bus Voltage VB
Vxl
Load IL
Remote Voltage VREM
-ILX
The measured bus voltage
-ILR
VBUS VREM
Voltage Setting
IL
The relay calculates and regulates the VREM magnitude ILX required for power factor
26
Parallel Operation
28
Paralleling using Master-Follower Control Paralleling using Circulating Current Control Paralleling using Negative Reactance Control
29
One controller designated the master All other controllers (followers) follow the master Requires that
30
#2
T2
IL-Ic
Ic
T1
IL+Ic #1
31
#2
T2
IL-Ic
Vxl Ic T1
IL+Ic #1
Vr
2IL
32
-IcR -IcX
-ILR
VREM
The regulated voltage
VBUS
VREG IL
Voltage Setting
IC IL + IC (Volts High)
The regulated voltage VREG contains a -VC component VREG will be regulated up to VREM, therefore increasing the over voltage even further
33
-ICX -ICR
The regulated voltage
Voltage Setting
IL IC IL - IC (Volts Low)
The regulated voltage VREG contains a +VC component VREG will be regulated down to VREM, therefore reducing the under voltage even further
34
35
V1C = ICXt
T1>T2
VC IC
IL
2IL
Ic
-IC V2C = -ICXt IL-IC
T2
IL
VC
jXt
36
VC -ILR
-IcR VBUS
-IcX
VREG
The regulated voltage
VREG
Voltage Setting
37
-ILR VC
VBUS
Voltage Setting
VREM
The voltage VREM is compensated by VC VREG will be regulated correctly increasing the under voltage
38
Ic
+Ic
IL
-Ic
Rs
Ic
Rs
39
Ic
IL IL+Ic
ICT 2IL
ICT 2IL
IL+Ic
+Ic
-Ic 2IL
IL-Ic IL+Ic
40
41
ILXt -ILR
ICXt
-ICR
VBUS
VREM
VREG
Voltage Setting
IC IL + IC (Volts High)
IL
The reactance of LDC is reversed VREG will be regulated correctly reducing the over voltage
42
-ILR-I R C ICXt
VREM
The regulated voltage
VREG
VREG
Voltage Setting
VREM IL
The reactance of LDC is reversed VREG will be regulated correctly increasing the under voltage
IC IL - IC (Volts Low)
43
VREG
VBUS
VX = ILXt
IL
44
VREG
VBUS
VX = ILXt
IL
45
IL(Xt+X).tan
Error VREG
VREM
VX = ILXt VR = -ILR + IL(X+Xt).tan Addition of LDC results in greater error
IL
ZA2390
46
IL(Xt+X).tan
VR
VR
(IL(Xt+X).tan).cos = IL(X+Xt).sin
VREG VREG
VREM
VX = ILXt VR = -ILRcos - IL(Xt+X).sin Corrects for low power factor
IL
47 On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformer Voltage Regulating Control
Distributed Generation
48
Load C
When:
Bus Voltage VB
G < Load A no significant problem (if design practice followed) G > Load A potential for low voltage levels due to reduced observed load
G > Load A, B and C LDC scheme will not operate correctly due to reverse power
49 On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformer Voltage Regulating Control
IG VB
IB
Load C
Now When:
G < Load A no significant problem (if design practice followed) G > Load A IG summed into IB therefore control relay sees all load current
G > Load A, B and C LDC scheme will not operate correctly due to reverse power
50 On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformer Voltage Regulating Control
51
52
Auto/Manual/Remote Operations
Measurements
53
of sufficient magnitude
54