Basics of Microwave Communication 1231

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Guide Name Basics of Microwave Communication
Contents
What Is Microwave Communication?

Technologies and Terms Learned from a Quotation How Far Can Microwave Reach? Future of Microwave Communication
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If you find any problem in this document or any suggestions, please feedback to xiaojun 55794 or renpeiqi 36995email: xiaojun1980@huawei.com or renpeiqi@huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
2013/3/26
Security Level:
Basics of Microwave Communication
By Transmission Network Marketing Support Dept.

www.huawei.com
Huawei Confidential
Contents
1 2 3 4
What Is Microwave Communication? Technologies and Terms Learned from a BOQ How Far Can Microwave Reach? Evolution Trend of Microwave Communication
Huawei Confidential
Page 3
Microwave: A Tiny and Invisible Electromagnetic Wave

1mm 1m
Microwave communication
Microwave oven
Radio music
radial X radial
ultraviolet radiation
Visible Light
infrared ray
Microwave
Microwave: a tiny member of electromagnetic wave family

The wavelength of microwave ranges from 1 mm to 1 m. Microwave is tiny when it is compared with other members of the family. The frequency of microwave ranges from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. Therefore, the microwave is invisible to human eyes.
Microwave transmission: Microwave, like water waves, will be blocked.

Microwave can be blocked by objects which size are similar or greater than microwave length. Wavelength = Velocity of light / Frequency
Microwave usually refers to microwave communication

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 4
Microwave Communication Is One of Transmission Modes

Microwave Fibers cables Satellite
Microwave communication Definition: a means of signal transmission using microwave as the signal carrier Frequency: a part of microwave frequency are used for microwave communication Usually band: 3 GHz to 42 GHz E-band: 71 GHz to 86 GHz Transmission mode: sight transmission
Huawei Confidential
Page 5
Microwave VS. Fibers

Microwave's advantages
Regional communications, suitable for mountainous areas, forests, cities, and other regions Resistance to natural disasters, fast restoration Low investment, short construction period
Fibers' advantages
Large transmission capacities, strong networking capabilities Stable transmission quality, resistance to the effects of climate and terrains Long transmission distances
Large transmission capacity
secrecy
Fibers
Microwave
Microwave's disadvantages
Service is affected by climate and terrains Limited frequency resources, requirements for frequency licenses Smaller transmission capacities (compared with fibers)
Short construction period
Fibers' disadvantages
Long construction period, high costs on laying fibers, especially on complex terrains Occupation of a large land area
Huawei Confidential
Page 6
Appearances and Features of Microwave Equipment

Full indoor microwave equipment
RF unit RF/IF and baseband unit
Full outdoor microwave equipment
Split microwave equipment
Antenna RF unit
Signal processing unit
IF cable Multiplexer Service and power cable IDU
High cost, large transmission capacity, stable transmission quality Applications to longdistance trunk transmission
No requirement for space in telecommunications rooms, unstable transmission quality, transmission of limited types of services Applications to metropolitan short-distance transmission
Convenient installation and maintenance, fast network construction Most widely-applied microwave equipment, applications to transmission medium distances, and short distances
Huawei Confidential
Page 7
Microwave Transmission: Convert Baseband Signal to RF Signal

IDU ODU
Waveguide or RF cable IF cable (separate Mounted) No feeder needed (directly mounted) IF signal
Antenna
Baseband signal
RF signal
IF amplification
Power amplification
Up Converter Frequency
Modulation
IDU: indoor unit
Receives signals (FE/GE/STM1/E1) from the user side. Cross-connects the received signals (like what the optical transmission equipment does). Converts basebase signals to IF signals by means of modulation and amplification.
Cross-connection
Filtering
Electromag netic wave
The signal conversion process in the receive direction is reverse to that in the transmit direction.
ODU: outdoor unit
Antenna
Converts IF signals to RF
signals by means of frequency translation, power amplification, and filtering. ODU is the essential part of microwave equipment.
Converts RF signals to
electromagnetic wave.
Huawei Confidential
Page 8
Applications of Microwave Communication

Private Networks
Railway and expressway Water conservancy electricity Petroleum, harbors Radio and television, finance
Telecom Operators
Backup and supplementary communication resources of fiber links Backhaul transmission of base station services in mobile communication Comprehensive service transmission at the tail of fixed networks
Huawei Confidential
Contents
1 What Is Microwave Communication? 2 Technologies and Terms Learned from a BOQ 3 How Far Can Microwave Reach?
4 Evolution Trend of Microwave Communication
Huawei Confidential
Page 10
Technologies and Terms Learned from a BOQ

7
Item
3 1 8G STM-1 1+1SD 0.6m With RTN610_620(16E1 (75 ohm) )
4 15G 1+0 0.6m With RTN605(1E_ 2*FE/2*GE/16*E1 ) 5 2 8G 400M 1+0 XPIC 0.6m With RTN910( 2*FE/2*GE ) 6 13G 200M 3+0 0.6m With RTN950(1*(4FE(RJ45)+2GE(RJ45)) 1*16*E1 )
Price(per hop) Quantity

3 1 2 1
Total Price
Total Price
8G STM-1 1+1SD 0.6m With RTN610_620 (16E1 (75 ohm) ) Service interface16E1 (75 ohm) Equipment TypeRTN610_620 Antenna Size0.6m RF Configuration1+1SD Radio Interface CapacitySTM-1 Frequency Band8G
8G STM-1 1+1SD 0.6m With RTN610_620(16E1 (75 ohm) )
8G: One of the Operating Frequency Bands (for Long-Distance Transmission)

3.3
Long-distance trunk transmission
11
Mediumdistance/Shortdistance transmission
18
23City short-distance
transmission
5 6 7 8
11 13 15
18 23 26
38 42GHz
The ITU-R recommendations specify the following common frequency bands for microwave communication: 4/5/6/7/8/11/13/15/18/23/26/28/32/38/42 GHz. Frequency band is the necessary information for selecting ODU and antenna.
Huawei Confidential
Page 12
1 8G
STM-1 1+1SD 0.6m With RTN610_620(16E1 (75 ohm) )
Frequency Arrangement Principles

Bandwidth of the frequency band
Frequency band of the low station

T/R spacing
f0
Frequency band of the high station

T/R spacing
Channel spacing Edge protection margin
n: number of channels in the frequency band
f0: center frequency
Channel spacing
f1
f2
fn
f1
f2
fn
For example: 8 GHz 8 GHz 7725--8275 f0 (MHz) 8000 T/R Spacing Channel Spacing Number of Working
(MHz)
311.32
(MHz)
14
Channels (n)
8
Channel spacing: difference between the center frequencies of Adjacent channels, for example, 3.5/7/14/28/56 MHz. Channel spacing is specified depending on services. High/Low station: A high station and a low station must be used in pairs. The station with a higher transmit frequency is a high station and the station with a lower transmit frequency is a low station. difference between the transmit frequency and receive frequency of an ODU.
Huawei Confidential Page 13
T/R spacing:
8G
400M 1+0 XPIC 0.6m With RTN910( 2*FE/2*GE
400M: Radio Interface Capacity (Determined by Channel Spacing and Modulation Mode)
radio interface Capacity : service transmission capacity in the air
400 Mbit/s: channel spacing is 56 MHz modulation scheme is 256QAM The radio interface can transmit 400 Mbits services
Transmit end
Receive end
Customer services
256QAM modulation
Channel spacing
Services of a total rate of 400 Mbit/s
Channel spacing 56 Mbit/s
A greater channel spacing , a higher modulation scheme then a higher radio interface capacity
8G
Modulation Principles
The RF signals converted from digital baseband signals can be indicated Digital by the following formula:
A*COS (Wc*t+
Amplitude Frequency Phase
microwave communication usually adopts PSK and QAM modulation schemes. Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation.
Modulation Scheme
Carrier modulated Parameters
Carrier unmodulatled Parameters
QAM PSK ASK PSK
A, A
Page 15
Wc A, Wc Wc , A, Wc
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
8G
Common Microwave Modulation Schemes

QPSK signal vectors (binary code)
01 11
PSK
PSK: Digital information is represented by the phase changes of carriers. The common PSK modulation schemes include 2PSK, 4PSK, and 8PSK. 4PSK is also QPSK.K
00
10
Reference phase
The highest PSK modulation scheme is 8PSK. For more efficient bandwidth utilization, QAM modulation schemes are adopted.
16QAM signal vectors (quaternary code)

0010 0011 0110 0111 1110 1111 1010 1011
QAM
The QAM modulation schemes fully utilize the signal plane by combining amplitude and phase modulation. In QAM modulation
schemes, the signal vectors are well distributed on the signal plane.
The common QAM modulation schemes include 4QAM, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM, and 256QAM.
0001 0000
0101 0100
1101 1100
1001 1000
The QAM modulation schemes achieve high bandwidth utilization efficiency. The 256QAM functions in octonary code.
Tips: In quaternary code, one point represents four bits. That is, 1 MHz can carry 4 Mbit/s traffic. (Service is less than 4 Mbit/s due to redundant bits.) The 16QAM modulation schemes is so called because the fourth power of two is 16. Do you understand why 256QAM is so called?
8G
Adaptive Modulation (AM)

Adaptive modulation (AM): By using the AM function, the microwave transmission system automatically changes the modulation scheme according to weather conditions. This function ensures the most effective service transmission in any weather conditions.
data Voice
256QAM
...
64QAM...QPSK...64QAM ...
256QAM
IF Module Data Source Tx Path Change Command AM Engine Quality Indicator Data Sink Rx Path
IF Module Rx Path Data Sink
Working principles
Quality Indicator
AM Engine Change Command Tx Path Data Source
Huawei Confidential
Page 17
15G 1+0 0.6m With RTN605(1E_ 2*FE/2*GE/16*E1 )
0.6 m: Antenna Diameter
0.6m
Commonly used in microwave communication
Parabolic antenna

Cassegrain antenna
Microwave antennas include parabolic antenna and Cassegrain antenna. The parabolic antenna is commonly used. The common diameters of microwave antennas are 0.3 m, 0.6 m, 0.9 m, 1.2 m, 1.8 m, 2.4 m, 3.0 m, and 3.7 m. Within one frequency band, N channels can be supported by one antenna.
Huawei Confidential
Page 18
15G 1+0 0.6m With RTN605(1E_ 2*FE/2*GE/16*E1 )
Antennas Main parameters
Antenna gain:
Antenna gain indicates the concentricity of the energy radiated by an antenna. Antenna gain is the ratio of the power of the antenna at a point in space to the power of an ideal antenna (directionless) at the same point. The measurement unit is dBi. GdB = 20lgf(GHz) + 20lgD(m) + 10lg + 20.4dB In this formula, (antenna efficiency) = Antenna radiation power / Antenna input power If the frequency is specified, the antenna gain increases by 6 dB when the antenna diameter doubles. If the antenna diameter is specified, the antenna gain also increases by 6 dB when the frequency doubles.
3dB beam bandwidth angle:
Deviated from the center of the main lobe to one of the two sides, the halfpower (3 dB) point appears when the detected power is reduced by half. The angle between the two half-power points is called 3dB beam bandwidth angle. 3dB
Main Lobe
3dB beam bandwidth angle indicates the directivity of antennas. Larger antenna diameter ,smaller 3dB beam bandwidth angle, better directivity, and higher antenna gain. -3dB
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 19
1+1 SD: Anti-Fading Diversity Technology

The diversity technology is used to offset the effects of fading. To be specific, the system transmits the same information over two or more paths and selects or combines the signals from the receiver.
SD: Space Diversity
FD: Frequency Diversity

f1
f2
Inter-antenna distance H: 100 times of wavelength to 200 times of wavelength

Application scenarios: Areas prone to fading, such as rivers and lakes. Working principle: One antenna transmits signals and two antennas receive signals. There is a low probability that both receive antennas are interfered simultaneously. Note: The distance between two receive antennas is determined by frequency bands. Application scenarios: Areas where the weather changes frequently Working principle: Two frequencies are used to transmit the same service. There is a low probability that both frequencies are interfered simultaneously. Note: Frequency spacing needs to be increased to reduce the correlation of different frequencies.
Space diversity is more cost-effective and efficient that frequency diversity. Therefore, SD is used more often than FD. FD applies when more channels are available.
Microwave Protection Schemes

Link-level protection RF protection: 1+1 FD, SD Service protection: LAG, N+1
Network-level protection TDM: SNCP, MSP ETH: ERPS, MSTP
Site 5
Ch4 7km Ch5 6km
Network management center
Site 2 Site 1
Ch1 6 km Ch2 5 km
Site 4
Ch3 2 km
Site6
Equipment-level equipment 1+1HSB,System control unit 1+1Cross-connect and clock unit Input power 1+1
Site 3
Ch8 6km
Ch7 5km
Site 7
Microwave equipment supports multiple protection schemes: link-level protection, equipmentlevel protection, and network-level protection. A combination of multiple protection schemes ensures 99.999% reliability of microwave equipment.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
8G 400M 1+0 XPIC 0.6m With RTN910( 2*FE/2*GE )
XPIC: Cross-Polarization Interference Cancellation

Vertical polarization The transmit end transmits two electromagnetic waves whose polarization directions are orthogonal to each other. The receive end cancels interference between the two electromagnetic waves by means of the XPIC function, thus retrieving the two original signals. The XPIC technology improves the utilization of frequency spectrum resources and thus doubles the transmission capacity.
Horizontal polarization
CCDP: Co-Channel Dual-Polarization
6 GHz channel configuration without the XPIC
6 GHz channel configuration with the XPIC
Huawei Confidential
Page 22
13G 200M
3+0
0.6m With RTN950(1*(4FE(RJ45)+2GE(RJ45)) 1*16*E1
3+0: RF Configuration Mode

RF Configuration Meaning
A: number of configuration groups > 0 N: number of main links > 0 M: number of standby links 0
Required Channels
Number of ODUs
Ax(N+M)
N+M
Ax(N+M)
The commonly used configuration modes are N+0/1+1/N+1.
1+1
3+0
1+1 protection schemes include 1+1 HSB/FD/SD. The above figure shows 1+1 HSB/FD.
2+1
N+1 protection refers to the protection configuration that N microwave working channels in a microwave direction share one microwave protection channel. Page 23
Huawei Confidential
Hop: Units of Radio Links

One hop of radio link
Hop: One hop of radio link includes the equipment at the two ends, and the equipment may be comprised of multiple IDUs, ODUs, and antennas. Microwave equipment is quoted and sold by hop. The tree, chain, and ring topologies of microwave networks are all comprised of hops. Networked microwave requires two hops of communal IDUs, which are called combined stations. Combined stations help reduce the redundant IDUs.
Huawei Confidential
Page 24
Contents
1 2 3

Technologies and Terms Learned from a BOQ How Far Can Microwave Reach? Evolution Trend of Microwave Communication
Huawei Confidential
Page 25
Factors That Affect Microwave Transmission Distances

2
Antenna gain
2 1
Space loss
Antenna gain
Transmissi on distance
Feeder loss
Feeder loss
4
Transmit end
Transmit power
Receive
sensitivity
Receive end
The microwave transmission distances ranges from 1 km to 100 km and the microwave transmission capacity reaches the GE level. Major factors: space loss, antenna gain, line loss, transmit power, and receive sensitivity Space loss is determined by the nature. Antenna gain, feeder loss, transmit power, and receive sensitivity are determined by the microwave equipment. (Transmit power Receive sensitivity + Antenna gain Feeder loss) - Space loss > 0 Network design reserves 30 dB as fade margin. Frequency bands, weather, terrains, equipment gain, and feeder loss affect microwave transmission distances. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 26
Major Factors That Affect Space Loss

Space loss
Free space loss
Obstacle and terrain
Weather (rain, snow, fog)
Huawei Confidential
Free Space Loss
Natural factors
Equipment factors
Free space Loss Ls (dB) = 92.4 + 20logF + 20logD

F: transmit frequency (unit: GHz) D: transmission distance (unit: km) For example: loss of transmission of 13 GHz signals over 20 km: Ls = 92.4 + 22.3 + 26 = 140.7 (dB)
The attenuation of electromagnetic waves due to spreading in free space is called free space loss. Free space is the ideal vacuum space where electromagnetic waves do not generate reflection, refraction, scattering, and other physical phenomena.
Higher frequency band, lager Free space loss
Huawei Confidential
Example: Loss of Signals at Different Frequencies in Air

Loss in air (dB/Km)
1.0 23GHz
Temperature = 40oC Humidity = 80%

0.4 Temperature = 30oC Humidity = 50% Frequency (GHz) 0 25 50
Page 29
Obstacle and Terrain

Straight line
Impacts of obstacles
Natural factors
Equipment factors
Straight line
Reflection
Poor transmission quality!
Reflection
Good transmission quality!
Category D Large-area water surface Category C Plains
Impacts of terrains
Category B Hills Category A Mountains or cities with dense buildings
The terrains whose reflection coefficient is lower are more suitable for microwave transmission.
Increasing reflection coefficient
Huawei Confidential
Page 30
Weather (Snow, Rain, Fog)
Natural factors
Equipment factors
Rain, snow, and fog are the major weather factors that affect microwave transmission. Raindrops or ice causes scattering loss of microwave signals. Rain has the greatest impact on microwave transmission. Microwave signals at frequencies lower than 10 GHz can hardly be affected by rain. Microwave signals at frequencies higher than 10 GHz can be affected by rain; the higher the frequency, the greater the rain fading.
Snow and fog cause loss of about 0.5 dB/km for microwave signals.
Huawei Confidential
Page 31
Equipment Factors That Affect Microwave Transmission

Antenna gain
The greater the antenna gain, the longer the transmission distance.
Natural factors
Equipment factors
Feeder loss
The lower the feed line loss, the longer the transmission distance
Transmit power
The higher the transmit power, the longer the transmission distance.
Receive sensitivity
The lower the receiver sensitivity, the longer the transmission distance.
Antenna gain
The lower the frequency band, the larger the antenna diameter, and the higher the antenna gain.
Feeder loss Transmit power

The lower the frequency band, the shorter the feeder, and the lower the feeder loss. The lower the frequency band and modulation scheme, the higher the transmit power. The lower the frequency band and modulation scheme, the smaller the channel spacing, and the lower (better) the receive sensitivity. With the given channel spacing, the smaller the service capacity, the better the receive sensitivity.
Receive sensitivity
Huawei Confidential
Contents
1 2 3

Technologies and Terms Learned from a BOQ How Far Can Microwave Reach? Evolution Trend of Microwave Communication
Huawei Confidential
Page 33
History of Microwave Transmission

Capacity
>1G 400M 155M 34/140M 2/4/6/8M 30-1920K
Analog microwave
Digital microwave E_BAND IP TDM PDH

2000s
SDH
2010s
Small capacity Analog microwave 1970s 1950s In 1947, Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL) built the first analog microwave circuit (TD-X) between New York and Boston. This circuit adopted the frequency modulation (FM) mode. In 1950, the 4 GHz TD-2 microwave system was used for the first time to provide commercial telephone services. In the late 1960s, the first digital microwave system was built to improve the voice quality. In 1988, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) internationalized Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) of U.S.A as Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) transport network standards. The SDH microwave system developed rapidly in the 1990s. In 2007, equipment vendors launched the IP radio (Hybrid/Packet radio) equipment that provided higher transmission efficiency. 1990s 1980s
Analog microwave
Digital microwave TDM
Digital microwave IP Digital microwave E_BAND
In accordance with the LTE deployment, equipment vendors started the R&D efforts on E-BAND products in 2010. These products will be put into wide commercial use in 2012.
TDM Radio and IP Radio

TDM radio PDH/SDH
Application scenario: 2G, majority of TDM services, small capacity Frame structure: Radio interfaces transmit TDM services. Ethernet services are mapped to TDM services
IP radio Hybrid
Application scenario: 2G/3G hybrid transmission, majority of E1 services Frame structure: Radio interfaces transmit Ethernet and TDM services in Native mode.
Packet
Application scenario: 3G/4G applications, majority of ETH services Frame structure: Radio interfaces transmit Ethernet services. TDM services are encapsulated into Ethernet packets.
eliminated gradually
Now mainstream
mainstream in future
Huawei Confidential
What Is E-Band Radio?

ITU-R Radio-Frequency Channel Arrangements
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
e-band
80 90
6L/6U 7/8 1113 15
18
23
26
38 42
55 58 (TDD)
71GHz - 86GHz
Traditional Radio Link
Full Outdoor Ethernet DC
Native Ethernet traffic in air
Frequency band: 71-76 GHz, 81-86 GHz Native data transmission: a maximum transmission capacity of 1500 Mbit/s Typical transmission distance: 1-1.5 km Full outdoor solution
Huawei Confidential
Page 36
Thanks!
Huawei Confidential
Page 37

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For internal use only. Do not spread this document to the public.

Guide Name Basics of Microwave Communication

What Is Microwave Communication?

3ms Link Problem Feedback

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.