Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
18-22/03/2013
OUTLINE
What are ceramics? Classification of ceramics Thermal Properties of ceramics Optical Properties Mechanical Properties Electrical Properties
24.03.2013
http://www.ts.mah.se/utbild/mt7150/051212%20ceramics.pdf
24.03.2013
A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling. Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may be amorphous (e.g., a glass) .
http://www.ts.mah.se/utbild/mt7150/051212%20ceramics.pdf
5 24.03.2013
Periodic table with ceramics compounds indicated by a combination of one or more metallic elements (in light color) with one or more nonmetallic elements (in dark color).
To be most frequently silicates, oxides, nitrides and carbides Typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat More resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers Hard but very brittle
6
24.03.2013
TAXONOMY OF CERAMICS
Glasses
Cements
Refractories
Clay products
Abrasives
Advanced ceramics
Special Basic
CERAMICS
8
TRADITIONAL CERAMIC Based primarily on natural raw materials; clay and silica Tendency to equate with low technology Has been used for over 25, 000 years
TECHNICAL/ ADVANCED CERAMIC special, technical, engineering Exhibit superior/ specialized properties (mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, or electrical, optical, and/or magnetic properties) Require more sophisticated processing are mainly pure compounds or nearly pure compounds of primarily oxides, carbides, or nitrides Have generally been developed within last 100 years
Chemically prepared powders -Precipitation -Spray dry -Freeze dry -Vapor phase -Sol-gel -Slip casting -Injection molding -Sol-gel -Hot pressing -HIPing -Rapid prototyping
Forming
-Potters wheel -Slip casting
-Electric furnace -Hot press -Reaction sinter -Vapor deposition -Plasma spraying -Microwave furnace
-Erosion -Laser machining -Plasma spraying -Ion implantation Coating
High-temperature processing
Flame kiln
Finishing process
-Erosion -Glazing
Characterization
-Light microscopy -X-ray diffraction -Electron microscopy -Scanned probe microscopy -Neutron diffraction -Surface analytical methods -Visible examination -Light microscope
PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
Extreme hardness High wear resistance Extreme hardness can reduce wear caused by friction Corrosion resistance Heat resistance Low electrical conductivity Low thermal conductivity Low thermal expansion Poor thermal shock resistance
10
24.03.2013
PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
Low ductility Very brittle High elastic modulus Low toughness Low fracture toughness Indicates the ability of a crack or flaw to produce a catastrophic failure Low density Porosity affects properties High strength at elevated temperatures
11
24.03.2013
CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS
24.03.2013
12
CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS
Traditional Ceramics
The older and more generally known types (porcelain, brick, earthenware, etc.)
Based
primarily
on
natural
raw
Applications: building materials (brick, clay pipe, glass) household goods (pottery, cooking ware) manufacturing (abbrasives, electrical Traditional Ceramics
13 24.03.2013 devices,
fibers)
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CERAMICS
Advanced Ceramics
have been developed over the past
half century
sophisticated processing
bioceramic implants
14 24.03.2013
CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS
Oxides
CERAMICS Nonoxides Composite
Oxides: Alumina, zirconia Non-oxides: Carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides Composites: Particulate reinforced, combinations of oxides and non-oxides
15 24.03.201
CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS
Oxide Ceramics:
Oxidation resistant
chemically inert electrically insulating
16 24.03.2013
CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS
Non-Oxide Ceramics:
Low oxidation resistance
extreme hardness chemically inert
17 24.03.2013
CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS
Ceramic-Based Composites:
Toughness low and high oxidation resistance (type related)
high cost.
18 24.03.2013
CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS
19 24.03.2013
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CERAMICS
amorphous
CERAMICS
crystalline
Amorphous
the atoms exhibit only shortrange order
no distinct melting temperature (Tm) for these materials as there is with the crystalline materials Amorphous silicon and thin film PV cells
20 24.03.201
Crystalline ceramics are the Engineering ceramics High melting points Strong Hard Brittle
21 24.03.2013
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Thermal expansion coefficient: the ratio that a material expands in accordance with changes in temperature
Thermal conductivity : the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct heat
Thermal shock resistance: the name given to cracking as a result of rapid temperature change
22
24.03.2013
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Thermal expansion
Comparison of thermal expansion coefficient between metals and fine ceramics
The
coefficients
of
thermal
expansion depend on the bond strength between the atoms that make up the materials.
Strong
bonding
(diamond,
coefficient
23 24.03.201
fine ceramics
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Thermal conductivity
generally less than that of metals such as steel or copper ceramic materials, in contrast, are used for thermal insulation due to their low thermal conductivity (except silicon carbide, aluminium nitride)
24 24.03.201
http://global.kyocera.com/fcworld/charact/heat/images/thermalcond_zu.gif
THERMAL PROPERTIES
depend on:
-geometrical boundary conditions -thermal boundary conditions
24.03.2013
25
Refractive index, (n) of a material is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum (c = 3 x 108 m/s) to the speed of light in that material. n = c/v
26 24.03.2013
http://matse1.mse.uiuc.edu/ceramics/prin.html
27 24.03.2013
http://matse1.mse.uiuc.edu/ceramics/prin.html
28 24.03.2013
Callister, W., D., (2007), Materials Science And Engineering, 7 th Edition,
29 24.03.2013
Carter, C., B., Norton, M., G., Ceramic Materials Science And Engineering,
Al2O3
thermoplast ic
30 24.03.2013
http://www.keramvaerband.de/brevier_engl/5/5_2.htm
24.03.2013
Callister, W., D., (2007), Materials Science And Engineering, 7th Edition,
31
fs
is equal to,
L is the distance between support points When the cross section is circular,
33 24.03.2013
Callister, W., D., (2007), Materials Science And Engineering, 7th Edition,
Technical ceramic components are therefore characterised by their stiffness and dimensional stability. Hardness is affected from porosity in the surface, the grain size of the microstructure and the effects of grain boundary phases.
24.03.2013
34
15 - 20
20 - 30 40 - 50 60 70 >
The high hardness of technical ceramics results in favourable wear resistance. Ceramics are thus good for tribological applications.
35 24.03.2013
http://www.dynacer.com/hardness.htm
36 24.03.2013
http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/5/3/4/5_3_4.htm
The relative density, d [%], has a significant effect on the properties of the ceramic.
37 24.03.2013
http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/5/3/4/5_3.htm
38 24.03.2013
http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/5/5_2.htm
39 24.03.2013
http://www.subtech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=fracture_toughness
Metals
Aluminum alloy (7075) 24 Steel alloy (4340) Titanium alloy Aluminum Ceramics Aluminum oxide Silicon carbide Soda-lime-glass Concrete Polymers Polystyrene Composites 50 44-66 14-28 3-5 3-5 0.7-0.8 0.2-1.4 0.7-1.1
40 24.03.2013
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_toughness
temperature effect
The activation energy needed for charge migration is achieved through thermal energy and immobile charge career becomes mobile.
41 24.03.2013
Most of ceramic materials are dielectric. (materials, having very low electric conductivity, but supporting electrostatic field). Dielectric ceramics are used for manufacturing capacitors, insulators and resistors.
42 24.03.2013
SUPERCONDUCTING PROPERTIES
The critical temperature is also higher than boiling point of liquid Nitrogen (77.4 K), which is very important for practical application of superconducting ceramics, since liquid nitrogen is relatively low cost
24.03.2013
material.
43
Types of ceramics
Applications: Automotive
Spark plugs, water pump seals, catalytic converter. Heat engine: Higher operating temperatures Better fuel efficiency Lower frictional forces & ability to operate with no cooling system Excellent wear & corrosion resistance Lower densities Decreased engine weight
Disadvantages: Brittle Too easy to have voids weaken the engine Difficult to machine
48
Applications: Aerospace
Coating of metal heat engine parts improved wear &/or high temperature damage. Their low densities lighter turbine blades VS superalloys Materials considered: Si3N4, SiC and ZrO2 Draw back: disposition to brittle & catastrophic
Applications: Aerospace
50
Engines ; Shielding a hot running airplane engine from damaging other components. Airframes; Used as a high-stress, high-temp and lightweight bearing and structural component. Missile nose-cones; Shielding the missile internals from heat. Space Shuttle tiles Space-debris ballistic shields -- Ceramic fiber woven shields offer better protection to hypervelocity (~7 km/s) particles than aluminum shields of equal weight. Rocket Nozzles; Withstands and focuses the exhaust of the rocket booster.
Applications: Electronics
Packaging of integrated circuits --(substrate):
electrically insulating.
low dielectric characteristics. thermally conductive.
Aluminum oxide:
Aluminum nitride
payoff for metal pattern to stick: Mo paste + additive @ 1600C or special direct Cu bonding.
Applications: Biomaterial
Alumina in orthopedic implants
Excellent corrosion resistance Wear resistance High strength Biocompatibility Various component for total hip prostheses including the stem with an alumina femoral head, and alumina AC cup, and a metal base for the AC cup
53
Bone joint
High-strength Al2O3 joint prostheses of complex shape for femur joint component.
Ceramic Biomaterials (Alumina, Hydroxyapatite, Zirconia etc) Biocompatibility Bond well to bone (implant-tissue attachment) Corrosion resistance High stiffness Wear resistance
54
55
Summary of applications: i ) Electronics IC packaging and substrates : Al2O3 (insulation) , AlN, BeO, SiC Capacitor: BaTiO3, SrTiO3 Thermistor-Spinel (NiMn)3O4, NiMnCo)3O4, KTaNbO3 Varistor - ZnO2 Piezoelecctric PZT(lead zirconate titanate). PLZT (lead lanthanum zirconate titanate), LiNbO3, LiTaO3 Ferroelectric BaTiO3, Pb(TiZr)O3, K(TaNb)O3, LiTaO3 Ferrite SrFe12O19, Y3Fe5O12 Sensors oxygen sensors (Y-doped ZrO2), humidity sensors (Tidoped MgCr2O4) Hydrocarbon gas sensor (doped SnO2) Superconductores Ba2YCu3O7-x
Heating element is directly applied on the ceramic soleplate by screen printing and subsequently is co-fired with the soleplate to achieve a strong bonding.