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INTRODUCTION
Antimatter is real. Energy density of chemical reactionis 110 J/kg. nuclear fission is 810 J/kg. nuclear fusion is 310 J/kg. matter antimatter reaction is 91016 J/kg. Highest energy release per unit mass. Complete conversion of mass into energy.
WHAT IS MATTER?
WHAT IS ANTIMATTER?
HISTORY OF ANTIMATTER.
In 1928,Paul A.M.Dirac revised Einsteins famous equation E=mc. Diracs equation E=mc. Positrons discovered by Carl Anderson in 1932. Antiprotons discovered in 1955. Antiatoms discovered in 1995 by CERN.
PRODUCTION OF ANTIMATTER.
Created from energy. Protons are smashed into target. Matter-antimatter particles are spontaneously created. Antiproton head towards the Antiproton Decelerator.
It consists of vacuum tubes. vacuum pumps. magnets. radiofrequency cavities. high voltage instruments. electronic circuits.
WORKING OF AD.
Antiproton have energy spread. transverse oscillations. Focusing magnets. Radiofrequency cavities decelerate the antiproton.
AD EXPERIMENTS.
ASACUSA (Atomic Spectroscopy And Collision Using Slow Antiprotons). ATHENA (Antihydrogen Production and Precision Experiments). ATRAP (Cold Anti hydrogen for precise laser Spectroscopy).
STORAGE.
1)SOLID CORE.
2)GAS CORE.
Annihilation occurs in hydrogen propellant. Particles controlled in magnetic field. Loss in the form of gamma rays.
Specific impulse:2500sec
3)PLASMA CORE.
Annihilation of larger amount of antimatter. Loss in the form of gamma rays. Plasma is expelled to produce thrust.
4)BEAM CORE.
Direct one to one annihilation. Used directly as the exhausted propellant. Specific impulse:10,000,000sec
Positron incorporated in a special fluid injected into the patient. Annihilate with electrons. Energy emerges as gamma rays. PET radiograph reveals inner structure. Widely used in brain scans.
ANTIMATTER DETONATION.
Output highly depends on regular matter surrounding the bomb. Gamma rays are absorbed. Lose half their energy per 500 to 1000m of air compared to 20cm of concrete. Explosion would not cause much physical damage. No practical or destructive as conventional nuclear weapons.
ANTIMATTER IN NATURE.
1. 2.
Two possibilities: Either antimatter completely disappeared. Separated from each other.
High energy particle detector. Carried on Space Shuttle. In 2004,a new version of experiment installed on the International Space Station.
PROBLEMS IN PRODUCTION.
Only 1 to 10 nano grams produced a year. Most expensive substance on earth. 1 gram cost about $62.5 trillion. So not economical using current technology.
PROBLEMS IN STORAGE.
Current trap can only store 1010 antiproton for one week.
Next stage an improvement to 1012 antiproton storage. For complete antimatter propulsion, 1020 antiprotons needed to be stored.
CONCLUSION
Due to the highest energy release per unit mass of any known reaction we can say that antimatter will be a future fuel but need a reliable method of producing large amount of it.
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