Chapter 5 Network Layer

Note
This presentation is not in the order of the book or online curriculum. This presentation also contains information beyond the curriculum.

Network Layer Overview

Network Layer

IPv4

0 4-bit Version 4-bit Header Length 8-bit Type Of Service (TOS)

15 16 16-bit Total Length (in bytes) 3-bit Flags

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16-bit Identification

13-bit Fragment Offset

IP Header
8 bit Time To Live TTL 8-bit Protocol 16-bit Header Checksum 32-bit Source IP Address

32-bit Destination IP Address

Options (if any)

Data

Application Header + data

IP

IP

IP

IP

Focus on Transport Layer

IP

IP

0 4-bit Version 4-bit Header Length 8-bit Type Of Service (TOS)

15 16 16-bit Total Length (in bytes) 3-bit Flags

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Network Layer

16-bit Identification

13-bit Fragment Offset

8 bit Time To Live TTL

8-bit Protocol

16-bit Header Checksum

32-bit Source IP Address

32-bit Destination IP Address

Options (if any)

Data

The Network layer (Layer 3) provides services to exchange the data over the network between identified end devices. Layer 3 uses four basic processes: Addressing Encapsulation Routing Decapsulation

Addressing
192.168.100.99
Source IP = 192.168.100.99 Destination IP = 172.16.3.10

172.16.3.10

Source IP = 172.16.3.10 Destination IP = 192.168.100.99

What would be the Source IP Address and Destination IP Address of a Packet from the client to the server? What would be the Source IP Address and Destination IP Address of a Packet from the server to the client? More later!

0 4-bit Version 4-bit Header Length 8-bit Type Of Service (TOS)

15 16 16-bit Total Length (in bytes) 3-bit Flags

31

16-bit Identification

13-bit Fragment Offset

8 bit Time To Live TTL

8-bit Protocol

16-bit Header Checksum

32-bit Source IP Address

32-bit Destination IP Address

Options (if any)

Data

Encapsulation and Decapsulation

Data Link Header IP Header TCP Header HTTP Header

Data

Data Link Trailer

Data Link Header

IP Packet

Data Link Trailer

Data Link Header

IP Packet

Data Link Trailer

Data Link Header

IP Packet

Data Link Trailer

Data Link Header

IP Header

TCP Header

HTTP Header

Data

Data Link Trailer

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Decapsulation
Is the Destination IP Address of this packet my IP Address?

Destination Arrival packet processed at Layer 3. Destination address examined. If the address is correct segment is passed up to the appropriate service at Transport layer.

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0 4-bit Version 4-bit Header Length 8-bit Type Of Service (TOS)

15 16 16-bit Total Length (in bytes) 3-bit Flags

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Routing

16-bit Identification

13-bit Fragment Offset

8 bit Time To Live TTL

8-bit Protocol

16-bit Header Checksum

32-bit Source IP Address

32-bit Destination IP Address

Options (if any)

Data

192.168.100.99

Source IP = 192.168.100.99 Destination IP = 172.16.3.10

172.16.3.10

Routers examine Layer 3 Destination IP addresses to forward packets. Search their routing tables. Send the packet to the next-hop router or host if on that network

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Network Layer Protocols

The Internet Protocol (IPv4 and IPv6) is the most widely-used Layer 3 data carrying protocol and will be the focus of this course.
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IPv4 basic characteristics

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Connectionless

IP does not notify the destination host. Which layer 4 protocol on the sending host will establish a connection? TCP: A connection-oriented protocol. Which layer 4 protocol on the sending host will not establish a connection? UDP: A connectionless protocol.
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Best Effort Service (unreliable)

Layer 3 (IP) Speed over reliability Unreliable: Does not have the capability or responsibility to manage, and recover from, undelivered or corrupt packets. Who does? TCP at the end-to-end hosts
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Media Independent

Responsibility of the OSI Data Link layer to take an IP packet and prepare it for transmission over the communications medium. Transport of IP packets is not limited to any particular medium. May need to fragment the packet if it is too many bits (later).

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IP Header

Where I came from.

IP Destination Address 32-bit binary value that represents the packet destination Network layer host address. IP Source Address 32-bit binary value that represents the packet source Network layer host address.

Where I am going.

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IPs TTL Time To Live field

Sending hosts generates the value for TTL. Common operating system TTL values are: UNIX: 255 Linux: 64 or 255 depending upon vendor and version Microsoft Windows 95: 32 Microsoft Vista: 128
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IPs TTL Time To Live field

Decrement by 1, if 0 drop the packet.

Decremented by each router. If the router decrements the TTL field to 0, it will then drop the packet. What is the advantage to decrementing the TTL by each router and dropping the packet if it is 0? So IP packets can not travel around the Internet forever, from router to router.

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IPs Protocol Field

Protocol = 06 TCP

Protocol field enables the Network layer to pass the data to the appropriate upper-layer protocol. Example values are: 01 ICMP 06 TCP 17 UDP

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IPs ToS Field

Type-of-Service is used to determine the priority of each packet. Enables Quality-of-Service (QoS) mechanism for high priority traffic. What types of traffic might a network administrator need to give priority to? Traffic that cannot accept any delays. VoIP Streaming video

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IP Fragmentation
TCP MSS defines the maximum size of the data in the TCP segment. 20 bytes 20 bytes 1460 bytes

Ethernet MTU defines the maximum size of the data in the Ethernet frame.

TCP MSS = 1460 Data = 1460 bytes The host using Ethernet, MTU of 1500 octets so I will set my MSS to 1460.

1500 bytes

Determining TCP MTU The default Ethernet MTU value for a PC is 1500 bytes. (curriculum says MSS) Typical Maximum Segment Size (MSS) of a TCP segment is 1460 bytes. The number of bytes of data.

How much is enough?

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IP Fragmentation
Original IP Packet

IP
IP Header = 20 bytes

Data = 1480 bytes Data = 500 Data = 500 Data = 480 Data = 520 Data = 520 Data = 500 L2 L2 L2
This packet is too big to go over my serial link all at once. I need to break it into smaller fragments

IP
IP Packet Fragments

IP IP

L2 L2 L2

A router may have to fragment a packet when forwarding it from one medium to another medium that has a smaller MTU. If Dont Fragment flag set, it will not fragment packet, but discard it.
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IP Fragmentation
The The outgoing outgoing link link has has a a large enough MTU but to I smaller MTU so I have dont reconstruct fragment the packets. packets.
IP Packet

It is my job to reconstruct the packets.

IP Packet IP Packet IP Packet IP Packet

Network link with larger MTU

Network link with smaller MTU

Network link with larger MTU

IP Packet IP Packet IP Packet

IP Packet IP Packet IP Packet

When fragmentation occurs, it does not get reconstructed until it reaches the host. This takes processing time. Fragment Offset field identifies the order

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Path MTU Discovery

Path MTU Discovery (Not discussed here, but is important) RFC 1191 (RFC1191) Path MTU Discovery and Filtering ICMP Marc Slemko Link on CIS 81 web page

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Other IPv4 fields

Version - Contains the IP version number (4) Header Length (IHL) - Specifies the size of the packet header. Packet Length - This field gives the entire packet size, including header and data, in bytes. Identification - This field is primarily used for uniquely identifying fragments of an original IP packet Header Checksum - The checksum field is used for error checking the packet header. Options - There is provision for additional fields in the IPv4 header to provide other services but these are rarely used.

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Host and Network Addresses

IP Addresses First look

Kiwi Airliners - Network Address 172.16.0.0/16
172.16.10.100/16 172.16.20.77/16 172.16.30.39/16 172.16.40.123/16

172.16.10.55/16

172.16.20.96/16

172.16.30.10/16

172.16.40.51/16

172.16.1.1/16 172.16.10.3/16

172.16.20.103/16

172.16.30.111/16

172.16.40.29/16

Host IP addresses are IP addresses assigned to end devices such as: Client computers Server computers Network Printers Router interfaces Note: the /16 refers to the subnet mask, which will be discussed later. Note: Intermediary devices such as a switch may have an IP address to allow the network administrator to Telnet to the device for remote management.

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IP Addresses First look

Kiwi Airliners - Network Address 172.16.0.0/16
172.16.10.100/16 172.16.20.77/16 172.16.30.39/16 172.16.40.123/16

172.16.10.55/16

172.16.20.96/16

172.16.30.10/16

172.16.40.51/16

172.16.1.1/16 172.16.10.3/16

172.16.20.103/16

172.16.30.111/16

172.16.40.29/16

Host IP addresses are members of a group of addresses call the Network Address IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) have the responsibility to allocate network addresses. A company or individual needing a network addresses typically goes to their ISP ISPs then allocate network addresses to their customers. More detail in the next chapter.

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IP Addresses First look

Network Address 172.16.0.0
172.16.10.100/16

Network Address 192.168.1.0/30

ISP Internet
192.168.1.2/30 192.168.1.1/30 172.16.1.1/16

172.16.10.55/16

172.16.10.3/16

Host IP Address Unique host IP address Default Gateway A router which is used to forward packets out of the network. This is a host IP address on the router. Host IP address on the same network as the host. The host only has to be aware of: Its own network address Default gateway IP address to reach all devices outside its own network

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IP Addresses First look

Network Address 172.16.0.0
172.16.10.100/16 Gateway: 172.16.1.1

Network Address 192.168.1.0/30

ISP Internet
192.168.1.2/30 192.168.1.1/30 172.16.1.1/16

172.16.10.55/16

Gateway: 172.16.1.1

172.16.10.3/16

Gateway: 172.16.1.1

All hosts in the same network will typically have the same default gateway IP address.

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Confirming IP Address, Default Gateway

C:\> ipconfig Windows IP Configuration Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 172.16.10.100 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.0.0 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 172.16.1.1

Root# ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0F:20:CF:8B:42 inet addr:172.16.1.100 Bcast:172.16.255.255 Mask:255.255.0.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:2472694671 errors:1 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:44641779 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:1761467179 (1679.8 Mb) TX bytes:2870928587 (2737.9 Mb) Interrupt:28

Linux: netstat rn for default gateway information.

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Subnets

Kiwi Airliners - Network Address 172.16.0.0/16

172.16.10.0/24
172.16.10.100/24

172.16.20.0/24
172.16.20.77/24

172.16.30.0/24
172.16.30.39/24

172.16.40.0/24
172.16.40.123/24

172.16.10.55/24

172.16.20.96/24

172.16.30.10/24

172.16.40.51/24

172.16.1.1/24 172.16.10.3/24 172.16.20.103/24 172.16.30.111/24 172.16.40.29/24

172.16.10.1/24

172.16.20.1/24

172.16.30.1/24

172.16.40.1/24

Networks can be subdivided into subnets. This provides for several benefits which we will discuss later. Networks can be grouped based on factors that include: Geographic location, Purpose, Ownership

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A Quick Look at Routing

Routing First Look

Network 192.168.1.0/24

Network 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.1.254/24

C 192.168.2.0/24 is direction connected, FastEthernet0/1

Routers know about: Directly connected networks (C): Network addresses of its interfaces Remote networks
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Routing First Look

Network 192.168.1.0/24

Network 192.168.2.0/24
192.168.1.254/24

C 192.168.2.0/24 is direction connected, FastEthernet0/1

Routers know about: Directly connected networks (C): Network addresses of its interfaces When a router is configured with the IP address/mask on an interface the router knows that it has an interface which is part of that network. This is just like a host that is configured with an IP address/mask. (coming)

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Routing First Look

Network 192.168.1.0/24

Network 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.1.254/24

C 192.168.2.0/24 is direction connected, FastEthernet0/1

Routers learn about remote networks using: Static routes Dynamic Routing Protocol (R = RIP) Routes in a routing table have three main features: Destination network Next-hop Metric

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Routing First Look

Network 192.168.1.0/24

Network 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.1.254/24

C 192.168.2.0/24 is direction connected, FastEthernet0/1

Static routes Manually entered by the administrator Dynamic Routing protocols Routers automatically learn about remote networks Ex: RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, BGP

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Host Routing Table

netstat r or route print

Hosts also have a local routing table. Usually only contains: Its own network address (directly connected network) Default gateway IP address Hosts usually do not have remote networks in their routing tables
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Chapter 5 Network Layer