HSDPA Principles

Internal
Principles of HSDPA
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
HUAWEI Confidential
Objectives
In this course, you will learn:
Similarities and Differences Between HSDPA and GPRS
Basic Concepts and Features of HSDPA

Key Technologies of HSDPA Physical Channels of HSDPA Data Transmission and Flow Control of HSDPA
HUAWEI Confidential
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Contents
Chapter 1 HSDPA vs GPRS Chapter 2 Basic Concepts and Features of HSDPA
Chapter 3 Key Technologies of HSDPA

Chapter 4 Physical Channels of HSDPA Chapter 5 Data Transmission and Flow Control of HSDPA
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HSDPA vs GPRS&EGPRS
HSDPA
Multiple access technology: TDMA+CDMA
GPRS&EGPRS
Multiple access technology: FDMA+TDMA
AMC: Adaptive modulation and coding
MCS1 to MCS9 CS1 to CS4 coding
Modulation: 16QAM, QPSK
Modulation: GMSK, 8PSK
Physical channel: HS-DSCH
Physical channel: PDTCH
Scheduling: Channel condition, delay, fairness
Scheduling: User priority
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Contents

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HSDPA Basic Concepts
HSDPA = High Speed Downlink Packet Access An Important Feature of the 3GPP R5
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HSDPA Features
HSDPA is a WCDMA solution offering higher speed downlink data services.

Peak data rate in DL: 14.4 Mbit/s Shorter delay Higher downlink code and power efficiency and larger downlink capacity Flexible cell resource allocation More high speed user access
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Contents

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Overview of HSDPA Key Technologies
AMC
HARQ (Hybrid ARQ)
Fast Scheduling
SF16, 2ms and CDM/TDM
16QAM
3 New Physical Channels
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HSDPA Key Technologies

Fast scheduling (2 ms subframe and
scheduling)
AMC (supporting QPSK and 16QAM) HARQ
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Fast Scheduling Basic
If a little part of the 10 ms frame (15 timeslots) cannot be decoded properly, the whole frame is retransmitted 10 ms later.
If a 2 ms subframe (3 timeslots) cannot be decoded properly, only this 2 ms subframe is retransmitted. The HARQ process of other 2 ms subframes (a maximum of 6) can continue transmitting data. This greatly improves the resource usage on the air interface.
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Fast Scheduling
Fast scheduling enables effective allocation of available cell and code resources and improves the cell throughput.
Scheduling principle: Based on channel conditions in short terms; Based on the throughput and fairness for users in long terms.
All codes to which HSDPA transmission is mapped (5 in this example) Data to UE #1 Data to UE #2 Data to UE #3 Code
Time
Scheduler can be based on CDM, TDM
Basic schedulers Round Robin (RR) Max-C/I Proportional Fair (PF)
Channel condition Amount of data in the queue (delay) Fairness Cell throughput
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Share and Scheduling of the Shared Channel

Scheduling with four users CDM+TDM
All codes reserved for HSDPA transmissio n
2m s
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Fast Scheduling Process

Available resources Required resources
Users to transmit data

Power Channel code Data attributes
Middle statistics
Scheduling Algorithm
Input of the scheduling algorithm: 1. Available resources, including power and channel code resources 2. Required resources, including users, data, retransmission, capability evaluation of the air interface, channel power, uplink and downlink compression gap of the channel, and discard timer. 3. Middle statistics of the scheduling algorithm, such as the waiting time and average C/I. Output of the scheduling algorithm:
User to transmit data, power, channel code, data attributes (including queue ID, Xrv, invalid data packet discarded)
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Max C/I Scheduling Algorithm
Features: 1. The max C/I scheduling algorithm allocates resources to the user with the max C/I in one TTI. 2. This scheme provides the maximum cell throughput, because the users provided with services are in best channel conditions. 3. The scheme, however, fails to guarantee fairness for users. In fact, users on the cell edge receive large penalty and great impact because of too much service delay and signal quality deterioration. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential
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RR Scheduling Algorithm
Features: 1) The RR scheduling algorithm adopts the "First in First Allocated" principle for users. 2) The users have high fairness at the cost of high system overhead and high expense of system throughput (spectral efficiency ).
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PF Scheduling Algorithm
Old algorithm (V1.5) The PF is expressed as follows: Pi = a*f1 + b*f2 + c*f3 + d*f4 f1: level of data stream f2: CQI f3: Waiting time f4:Queue length a/b/c/d: weight factor, which be flexibly configured. The default values are a=0.3; b=0.4; c=0.2; d=0.1 Exceptional cases: b=1, a=c=d=0, MaxC/I C=1, a=b=d=0RR
New algorithm (V1.6) Priority is based on the R/r R: UE request rate (TB Size / 2ms, calculated based on the CQI) r: amount of effective data (retransmitted data excluded) transmitted by the transport layer before this UE (in 1.6s)
Features: 1) This scheme provides a balanced algorithm, of which the fairness and resource allocation efficiency are between the RR and Max C/I algorithms. 2) The probability of serving all users is equal, although users may experience different average channel qualities. 3) The balance between the system throughput and the fairness is guaranteed.
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Fast Scheduling (2 ms subframe and
scheduling)
AMC (Supporting QPSK and 16QAM) HARQ
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Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)

AMC improves radio bandwidth at the air interface and applies to high-speed radio transmission.
AMC, based on channel quality feedback Adjust data rate to compensate the channel condition. Good channel condition: higher data rate Poor channel condition: lower data rate Adjust code rate to compensate the channel condition. Poor channel condition: 1/3 coding Good channel condition: 3/4 coding Adjust modulation scheme to compensate the channel condition. Good channel condition: 16QAM Poor channel condition: QPSK
Channel Quality Feedback (CQI) The UE measures the channel quality (SNR) and reports the results to the NodeB every 2 ms or longer. The NodeB chooses the modulation scheme, transport block size, and data rate based on the CQI.
Throughput - SIR relationship HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential

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Modulation
HSDPA Modulation
QPSK
16QAM
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CQI Mapping Table (Category 10)

CQI value 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Transport Block Size N/A 137 173 233 317 377 461 1 1 1 1 1 1 QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK Number of HS-PDSCH Modulation Reference power adjustment Out of range 0 0 0 0 0 0 28800 0 NIR XRV
7
12 13 14 15 16 ... 21 22 23 24 25 26
650
1742 2279
2
3 4
QPSK
QPSK QPSK
0
0 0
AMC scheme recommended by the protocol 2583 4 QPSK 0

5 QPSK Adopt corresponding TB size, modulation 0 mode, 3565 and TX power 5 based on the 16-QAM 0 CQI 3319 ... 6554 7168 9719 11418 14411 17237 ... 5 5 7 8 10 12 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
30
25558
15
16-QAM
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Link Emulation - AMC

AMC (Adaptive modulation and channel coding) Performance
The AMC modifies the TX parameters based on the instantaneous channel condition and optimizes the data rate. The AMC performance is affected by channel quality strategy error and feedback delay in channel fading. For low data rate, the AMC has better performance than the fixed MCS.
-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3
TU5(Fixed MCS) TU30(Fixed MCS) TU120(Fixed MCS)

600 500
AMC gain
TU5(AMC) TU30(AMC) TU120(AMC)
Throughput(kbps)
400 300 200 100 0 -12
HS-DSCH Ec/N0(dB)
For high data rate, the AMC has worse performance than the fixed MCS
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AMC Process

The UE measures the RX channel. The UE provides the CQI. The NodeB filters and corrects the reported CQI to obtain the actual CQI (Channel Quality Indicator). Configure the number of channels, TX power, modulation mode based on the CQI, amount of data to be transmitted, and available power and code resources.
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Fast Scheduling (2 ms short frame and scheduling) AMC (supporting QPSK and 16 QAM) HARQ
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Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)

HARQ helps reduce retransmission time and increase cell throughput.
Traditional ARQ Decode received transport blocks Check for the CRC errors in the decoded transport blocks Errors exist Hybrid ARQ Decode received transport blocks Check for the CRC errors in the decoded transport blocks Errors exist Store instead of discard the block with errors
Discard the block with errors

Request retransmission
Request retransmission
Combine the newly received retransmission block with the previous blocks
Combined processing
Increment redundancy
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HARQ Concept
HSDPA is a technique where the transmitter sends the new set of parity bits if the previous transmission fails (NACK) and receiver buffers the failed decodes for soft combing with future retransmissions. The RV parameter indicates different code bits transmit in IR buffer. Different RV parameter configurations support: Chase Combining (CC) (retransmission of the same coded data)
PIRPartial Incremental Redundancy (PIR) (systematic bits transmission first)

Full Incremental Redundancy (FIR) ( parity bits transmission first)
Use different r parameters and set of puncture bits for different retransmission. This ensures average coded bits transmission.
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HARQ Gain
One retransmission gain for different retransmission scheme
Code Rate CC Gain (dB) PIR Gain (dB)
1/3 3.0 3.1 3.1 1/2 3.0 3.3 3.5 2/3 3.0 3.6 4.3 3/4 3.0 6.5 8.4
FIR Gain (dB)
The IR scheme, which preferentially transmits parity bits, has average effective codes bits after retransmission. The HARQ gain is prominent especially in high coded rate.
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Link Emulation - HARQ

HARQ Performance
600
HARQ Gain over TU5(AMC+HARQ) TU30(AMC+HARQ) TU120(AMC+HARQ)
AMC TU5(AMC) TU30(AMC) TU120(AMC)
500
HARQ reduces the impact by channel measurement errors and feedback delay and provides the AMC performance gain. Higher Speed, higher HARQ gain
Throughput(kbps)
400
300
200
100
0 -12.5
-11.5
-10.5
-9.5
-8.5
-7.5
-6.5
-5.5
-4.5
-3.5
HS-DSCH Ec/N0(dB)
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Link Emulation CC and IR

St at i c Channel Fi r st Tr ansm i ssi on
1
CC
Ful lI R
Par t i alI R
BLER
0. 1 Ec/I or
PA3 First Transmission 1 CC FullIR PartialIR
BLER
0.1 Ec/Ior
The HARQ-based IR provides the performance gain.

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Contents

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HSDPA Related Physical Channel

New HSDPA Physical Channels
Each HS-PDSCH: SF=16
Each HS-SCCH: SF=128 Each UE is assigned up to 4 HSSCCHs (limited to UE capability)
Each HS-DPCCH:SF=256 Each H user is assigned 1 HSDPCCH
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HSDPA Physical Channel Mapping

Transport Channels Physical Channels DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) RACH CPCH Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) BCH FACH PCH Synchronisation Channel (SCH) DSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) Access Preamble Acqu isition Indicator Channel (AP -AICH) Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH) Collision-Detection/Channel-Assig nment Indicator HS-DSCH Channel (CD/CA -ICH) High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) HS-DSCH-related Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) Dedicated Physical Control Channel (uplink) for HS-DSCH (HS-DPCCH) Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P -CCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S -CCPCH)
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Associated Channel DPCH
Besides the 3 physical channels, there is anther dedicated channel DPCH, which is called associated channel in the HSDPA. The DPCH is used for signaling transmission and power control. The DPCH normally does not carry services, but it can carry real-time services such as the AMR (multiple RABs: CS+PS)
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HSDPA Physical Channel

HS-SCCH and HS-PDSCH are both downlink shared channels shared by all user. How can users know when and on which channel the users data is transmitted?
HS-SCCH is like a soldier holding the flag at the first row of the queue. The UE continuously monitors the HS-PDSCH subframes addressed to it on the sets of the HS-PDSCHs. Upon receiving an HS-PDSCH frame for the UE, the UE physical layer demodulates the subframe. Otherwise, no response is performed.
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Physical Channel Slot Format (1): HS-SCCH

Features of the HS-SCCH slot format:
3 slots (2 ms) constitute one TTI. HS-SCCH SF=128QPSK only. HS-SCCH maps the seven data attributes of the user: Xue, Xccs, Xms, Xrv, Xtbs, Xhap, and Xnd For TT data, the UE demodulates HS-SCCH subframe and finds out the received data addressed to the UE with Xue. Then, the UE demodulates the HS-PDSCH subframe with Xccs, Xms, Xrv, and Xtbs. Xhp and Xnd are used for HARQ processing. A UE monitors a maximum of 4 HS-SCCHs.
Data N data 1 bits T slot = 2560 chips, 40 bits
Slot #0
Slot#1 1 HS - SCCH subframe:= T2 ms f
Slot #2
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Physical Channel Slot Format (2): HS-PDSCH

Features of the HS-PDSCH slot format
3 slots (2 ms) constitute one TTI. Fixed SF: 16 Modulation scheme: QPSK and 16QAM All HS-PDSCH are used to carry data. A UE may be assigned multiple channel codes to support multi-code transport, depending on the HS-DSCH UE category.
Data Ndata 1 bits Tslot = 2560 chips, M*10*2 bits (k=4)
k
Slot #0
Slot#1 1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
Slot #2
Subframe and slot format of the HS-PDSCH

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Physical Channel Slot Format (3): HS-DPCCH

Features of the uplink HS-DPCCCH
2 ms TTI (3 slots), SF=256, rate: 15 kbit/s, bearing 2 types of HSDPA uplink physical layer signaling, including the ACK/NACK and CQI ACK and NACK notify the NodeB of the UE has received correct downlink data. Definition of the field: 1-Nack, 0-Ack CQI is a metric that reflects the physical channel quality indicator based on the CPICH, and is reported periodically. The period ranges from 0 to 160 ms. 0 means no transmission. Normally the period is 2 ms (every TTI). ACK/NACK and CQI have different functions and therefore can be controlled independently by different parameters. ACK/NACK/CQI can be configured with the number of repeat transmission (max: 4) to improve the TSTD gain.
T slot = 2560 chips HARQ-ACK 2 Tslot = 5120 chips CQI
One HS-DPCCH subframe (2 ms)
Subframe #0
Subframe #i One radio frame Tf = 10 ms
Subframe #4
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HS-DSCH category
UE Category (For Reference)

Maximum number of HS-DSCH codes received Minimum inter-TTI interval Maximum number of bits of an HS-DSCH transport block received within an HS-DSCH TTI NOTE 1 7298 7298 7298 7298 7298 7298 14411 14411 20251 27952 3630 3630 35280 42192 23370 27952 35280 23370 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 42192 27952 35280 42192 23370 27952 35280 42192 23370 27952 35280 42192 LTD . Total number of soft channel bits
Supported modula-tions without MIMO operation or dual cell operation
Supported modula-tions with MIMO operation and without dual cell operation
Supported modula-tions with dual cell operation
Supported modula-tions with simultaneous dual cell and MIMO operation
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5 Category 6 Category 7 Category 8 Category 9 Category 10 Category 11 Category 12 Category 13 Category 14 Category 15 Category 16 Category 17 NOTE 2 Category 18 NOTE 3 Category 19 Category 20 Category 21 Category 22 Category 23 Category 24 Category 25 Category 26 Category 27 Category 28 HUAWEI
5 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 15 15 5 5 15 15 15 15 15
3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
19200 28800 28800 38400 57600 67200 115200 134400 172800 172800 14400 28800 259200 259200 345600 345600 259200 345600 259200 345600 518400 518400 345600 345600 518400 518400 691200 691200 1036800
QPSK, 16QAM Not applicable (MIMO not supported) QPSK QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM QPSK, 16QAM QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM QPSK, 16QAM QPSK, 16QAM
Not applicable (dual cell operation not supported)
Not applicable (simultaneous dual cell and MIMO operation not supported)
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM QPSK, 16QAM QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM QPSK, 16QAM QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
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Transmit Power of the HSDPA Physical Channels

PHSDPA (HSDPA total transmit power) PHS-PDSCH+PHS-SCCH
The HS-PDSCH transmit power can be adjusted by the NodeB according to the following factors:
CQI Amount of transmitted data Available power allocated to the HS-PDSCH Available codes allocated to the HS-PDSCH The transmit power of the HS-SCCH can use: Fixed power transmission (outdoor: 5%; indoor: 3%) A fixed power offset between the HS-SCCH and the DL associated channel. The transmit power of the HS-PDSCH is usually greater than that of the associated channel to ensure that the associated channel keeps a proper transmit power. The HS-DPCCH transmit power has a power offset based on the UL DPCH.
The slot bearing the HARQ-ACK/NACK and that bearing the CQI can have different power offsets.
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HSDPA Channel Mapping (1)
When RAB is mapped to the HS-DSCH, the DCH is required to be configured to transport UL RLC ACK information and possible UL data, regardless of whether there is UL data to be transported. The figure in the next page describes the scenario of DL TRB carried on the HS-DSCH and SRB and UL services on the DCH. In soft handovers, there may be one or more DCHs, but there is only one HS-DSCH.
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HSDPA Channel Mapping (2)
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Scheduling Working with HARQ

Priority Queue1 Priority Queue2 Priority Priority Priority
Queue3
Queue3
Queue3
If TB from UE1 is not received properly, the 1st frame of TB is retransmitted once UE1 is scheduled. Determine the priority, and then allocate resources to the corresponding process in order.
Scheduler
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Contents

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Concepts of HSDPA Flow Control
What is flow control? What are functions? HSDPA users in different radio conditions may receive different air bandwidth. The function of flow control is to adjust relevant DL flow according to users air capacity.
For users, flow control ensures sufficient data in the NodeB buffer for transmission and prevents too much data in the NodeB buffer from discarding or retransmission.
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HSDPA Flow Control Process

Flow control timer out
MAC-hs queue cycle starts
MAC-hs queue flow pre-allocation
MAC-hs queue flow preallocation Vin,pre
Periodical flow control Flow shaping at receiver based on pre-allocation Single queue pre-allocation based on queue flow rate
MAC-hs cycle ends MAC-hs queue flow allocation final result Vin, final
Flow shaping
Send capacity allocation frame
End
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Flow Control for a Single User
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HSDPA Data Transmission and Flow Control

Position of flow control in the MAC-hs entity
HSDPA flow control is implemented in the MAC-hs. The MAC-hs has four functional entities: flow control, scheduling/priority handling, HARQ, and TFRI. Flow control is used to control data flow from MAC-d or MAC-c/sh to satisfy air interface capability and reduce delay and congestion. Flow control of the data stream from MAC-d with individual priority is independent.
Flow control
Position of flow control in the MAC-hs entity
Scheduling/Priority handling Resource allocation &HARQ
TFRC
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HSDPA Principles

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Internal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Similarities and Differences Between HSDPA and GPRS

Basic Concepts and Features of HSDPA

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Chapter 1 HSDPA vs GPRS Chapter 2 Basic Concepts and Features of HSDPA

Chapter 3 Key Technologies of HSDPA

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

AMC: Adaptive modulation and coding

MCS1 to MCS9 CS1 to CS4 coding

Modulation: 16QAM, QPSK

Modulation: GMSK, 8PSK

Physical channel: HS-DSCH

Physical channel: PDTCH

Scheduling: Channel condition, delay, fairness

Scheduling: User priority

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Chapter 1 HSDPA vs GPRS Chapter 2 Basic Concepts and Features of HSDPA

Chapter 3 Key Technologies of HSDPA

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HSDPA Basic Concepts

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Chapter 1 HSDPA vs GPRS Chapter 2 Basic Concepts and Features of HSDPA

Chapter 3 Key Technologies of HSDPA

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Overview of HSDPA Key Technologies

HARQ (Hybrid ARQ)

SF16, 2ms and CDM/TDM

3 New Physical Channels

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HSDPA Key Technologies

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Fast Scheduling Basic

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Scheduler can be based on CDM, TDM

Basic schedulers Round Robin (RR) Max-C/I Proportional Fair (PF)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Share and Scheduling of the Shared Channel

All codes reserved for HSDPA transmissio n

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Fast Scheduling Process

Users to transmit data

Max C/I Scheduling Algorithm

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HSDPA Key Technologies

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)

Throughput - SIR relationship HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

CQI Mapping Table (Category 10)

AMC scheme recommended by the protocol 2583 4 QPSK 0

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Link Emulation - AMC

TU5(Fixed MCS) TU30(Fixed MCS) TU120(Fixed MCS)

TU5(AMC) TU30(AMC) TU120(AMC)

400 300 200 100 0 -12

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HSDPA Key Technologies

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Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)

Discard the block with errors