Chapter 1: Overview of Hydrocarbon Gas Industry

Describe the world and domestic energy resources and the important of proper energy management Explain the relationship between energy supply and demand Explain the important contribution of hydrocarbon industry to Malaysias economic growth Explain the fundamentals of hydrocarbon origin and formation Describe the hydrocarbon gas properties and the important of understanding hydrocarbon gas behavior

Secure supply Diversification of fuel type and sources, technology, maximize use of indigenous energy resources, adequate reserve capacity to cater for contingencies Sufficient supply Forecast demand, energy pricing and formulate plans to meet demand. Efficient supply Promote competition in the electricity supply industry.

Cost-effective supply Promote competition and provide indicative supply plan to meet demand
http://www.kettha.gov.my/en/content/nationalobjectives-strategies

Sustainable supply Promote the development of renewable and co-generation as much as possible.
Quality supply Match quality with customer demand with variable tariffs

Efficient utilization of energy Bench marking, auditing, financial and fiscal incentives, technology development, promotion of ESCOs, Labelling, Ratings, correct pricing, energy managers Minimizing Negative Environmental Impacts Monitor the impacts, improve efficiency of utilization and conversion and promote renewable.

http://www.kettha.gov.my/en/content/nationalobjectives-strategies

Non-renewable energy-energy obtain from static stores of energy that remain underground unless released by human interaction. E.g. such as oil, natural gas , coal and nuclear. Such energy supplies called finite supplies or Brown energy. Renewable energy: energy obtained from natural and persistent flows of energy occurring in the immediate environment. Such energy is called green energy or sustainable energy. Renewable energy such as hydroelectricity, solar power, wind power, geothermal power, bio-energy, tidal power, and etc.
Renewable & non-renewable Energy

World Marketed Energy Consumption for 1980 2030.

Energy_Information_Administration, U.S., International Energy Outlook. www.eia.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html, 2010.

Energy (Natural Gas) in SupplyDemand Issues

180 160 140
Trillion Cubic Feet

Industrial

Electric Power

Other

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

World natural gas consumption by end use sector, 2005 -2030 EIA, International Energy Outlook,2008

Conventional oil oil that conventionally found and produced. Many independent petroleum geologists have projected conventional oil production to peak in 2005 to 2013 timeframe. Non-conventional oil - types of production include: tar sands, oil shale and bitumen. These resources are estimated to contain three times as much oil as the remaining conventional oil resources, but few are economically recoverable with current technology although this may change

A sedimentary rock containing a solid composite of hydrocarbons called kerogen (approx. composition 80% C, 10% H2, 6%O2, 3% N and 1% S). 2 methods are used to obtain oil from shale, a)mining and processing the rock. b) in situ combustion. The first method is common but has number of limitations. Mining process needs more energy, processing of rocks need 3 times water and generates large amount of waste.

Tar sands/oil sands are beds of sand impregnated with the naturally occurring viscous petroleum material bitumen, sometimes called sticky oil or heavy oil. Estimates of the world resources of oil from tar sands vary between 300-800 million tonnes. 90% can be obtained by sub-surface mining. The process use hot water to separate out the bitumen from sand and bitumen is refined and upgraded with hydrogen to remove impurities to obtain high grade synthetic crude oil.

An annual output of 40 million tonnes of oil would create almost 600 million tonnes of waste materials, posing a formidable environmental waste disposal problem.

Conventional natural gas that is conventionally found and extracted. The global production peak for conventional natural gas will probably be somewhat later than for oil NG is a mixture of hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon gases but is mostly methane. The deposit of NG in association with oil accumulations as separate layer or in solution is called associated gas.

The dry NG sold as gaseous fossil fuel contains 96% CH4, rest butane and propane. Non-conventional - There are large unconventional gas resources, like methane hydrate or geopressurized zones, that could increase the amount of gas by a factor of ten or more, if recoverable.

There are large but finite coal reserves which may increasingly be used as an energy source during oil depletion. There are today 200 years of economically exploitable reserves at the current rate of consumption. Reserves have increased by over 50 percent in the last 22 years and are expected to continue to increase. Coal is a hard, combustible and sedimentary rock. Coal is ranked according to its calorific value and carbon to hydrogen ratios. The 3 main pollutants from coal burning plant flue gases are SO2, NO2 and particulates. CO2 produce form coal burning accumulates green house gasesglobal warming.

Nuclear reactions are not the same as chemical reactions. They involve fragmentation by splitting of the nuclei of atoms for the purpose of releasing some of the considerable binding energy. Under appropriate physical conditions the nuclei of some heavy atoms can be fragmented if they are bombarded with neutrons-a process known as nuclear fission. Some of the consequent released energy appears in the form of heat.

When the nucleus of a U235 atom absorbs an extra neutron, it divides into 2 fragments of roughly equal mass, generating a large amount of heat and releasing either 2 or more neutrons plus some gamma radiation. The 2 fission fragments are respectively nuclei of the elements Barium and Krypton.
235 92 1 U 0 n 92 Kr 141 Ba 3n

Each U atom fission has the energy equivalent of 200MeV. 1kg of U235 contains 2.5x1024 atoms. If this is completely fissioned the energy released would be 8x1013 J.

The thermal energy content of a ton of coal is about 3x1010J. The thermal energy released from U235 is therefore equivalent to 2700 tons of coal or 2000 tonnes of oil. Uranium is a radioactive metallic element which has become a major contributor to world energy supplies through its use as a source of heat (through fission) in nuclear power stations.

-is the union or fusion of two or more light atomic nuclei. If the +ve electrostatic repulsive forces of 2 nuclei can be overcome to permit fusion, large amounts of energy are released. Fusions requires high energies obtained via very high working temperatures. There a 3 isotopes of H2 namely hydrogen, Deuterium (D) and Tritium (T). In fusion, the rxn is between D and T which produces the inert gas helium plus energy and further neutrons to sustain the rxn. The neutrons react with lithium to generate T which is separated and fed back to the reactor as a fuel.

Reactor safety: escape of radioactive material into environment, nuclear waste, failure of the steel pressure vessel due lack of coolant. Nuclear reactor accident: Three Mile Island, USA (1979) Chernobyl, Ukraine (1986) Nuclear waste disposal

Assignment.. Advantages and disadvantages? How they produce energy/electricity? Impact to environment?
Biomass energy Wind Solar Tidal power Geothermal power

Energy is essential for development, yet two billion people currently go without, condemning them to remain in the poverty trap. We need to make clean energy supplies accessible and affordable. We need to increase the use of renewable energy sources and improve energy efficiency. And we must not flinch from addressing the issue of over consumption - the fact that people in the developed countries use far more energy per capita than those in the developing world (Kofi Annan, Ex-Secretary General, United Nations.)

The fundamental dilemma facing us is that energy is a vital ingredient for growth and sustainable development, and for the vast majority of economic activities, but that energy production and use contribute to global warming. The greatest challenge facing the energy sector today is how to meet rising demand for energy, whilst at the same time reducing our emissions of greenhouse gases.

Climate change is undoubtedly an imperative which must be addressed with a sense of urgency. We need to find new and innovative ways of addressing mitigation of greenhouse gases as well as adapting to changes in the climate. Among the actions that are recommended to be implemented:
Preserve and consume energy appropriately

Oil and natural gas are the product of the underground decay of organic residuals (animals, plants, etc.) that have changed their molecular structure over thousands of years. This is the most common explanation for the formation of oil and natural gas, called Organic Theory During countless millions of years, dead plants and animals sunk at the bottom of lakes and oceans. These remains were covered by mud, sand and other debris.

The accumulation of such materials exerted high pressures on the buried materials with the passing of the millennia. Such pressures in turn created high temperatures. Chemical action (mainly by bacteria) took place and converted theses remains into oil and gas. While this was happening, mud and sand turned into rocks, much of it porous. Oil and gas seeped in these pores and was stored there under high pressure beneath layers of more solid rock above.

Geological movements also created underground domes and traps where oil and natural gas were stored, while continuing their chemical changes up to todays state. The natural gas was formed under the hightemperature conditions, whereas the oil was formed under the lower-temperature conditions. The rocks where oil and gas were formed are known as source rock.

The oil, gas, and salt water occupied the pore spaces between the grains of the sandtones, or the pore spaces and cracks and dolomites. Whenever these rocks were sealed by a layer of impermeable rock, the cap rock, the petroleum accumulating within the pore spaces of the source rock was trapped and formed the petroleum reservoir. However, when such conditions of trapping the petroleum within the source rocks did not exist, oil and gas migrated, under the effects of pressure and gravity, from the source rock until it was trapped in another capped (sealed) rock.

Because of the differences in density, gas, oil and water segregated within the trap rock. Gas, when existed, occupied the upper part of the trap and water occupied the bottom part of the trap, with the oil between the gas and water.

Gaseous hydrocarbon fuel in Malaysia is commonly made up of two types, i.e Natural Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas Natural gas exists naturally. LPG is derived from natural gas or crude oil through de-propanation and de-butanisation at the gas processing plants (GPP) and distillation process at crude oil refineries respectively. The composition of NG is never constant. Normally, methane is the largest component-about 90% of the total volume.

Other components are: Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, H2S and traces of other gases. Very small amounts of sulfur compounds are also present. Generally, the properties of methane is used when comparing the properties of NG to other fuels. Natural gas boils at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of -161 oC NG is transported and stores as a gas, even when compressed to transmission pipeline pressure of around 70 Bar (slightly above 1000 psi)

The volume of NG is measured in cubic metres or cubic feet. Its flow in m3/hr or cu.ft/hr LPG in Malaysia consists of these major constituent, ie Butane (iso and normal butane) (60-70%) and Propane (40-30%) Iso-butane, n-butane and propane boil at atmospheric pressure and temperatures of -11.8 oC, -0.56 oC and -42.1 oC respectively. LPG is transported and stored as a liquid and then reduced its pressure at sites to atmospheric condition to form gas.

In its pure state, NG and LPG are odourless, colourless, and tasteless. However, an adourant called Mercaptan is added, so that any leak can be easily detected. NG and LPG do not contain any toxic component, therefore there is no health hazard in handling of the fuel. NG is lighter than air-will rise if escaping, thus dissipating from the site of a leak. This important characteristics makes NG safer than most fuels. LPG is heavier than air, it will settle to the ground and perhaps to any depressions in its vicinity.

Where energy comes from?