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LITERATURE REVIEW

By Dr.S.Valliammal Lecturer CON NIMHANS

INTRODUCTION

The literature review plants the seeds that will grow the study from those that came before it. Multiplication of research information Reviewing the literature is the critical step in the research process Consists of all written sources relevant to the selected topic Computerized data bases facilitate the process Process is more enlightening today than in the past

LITERATURE REVIEW
Definitions

An account of what has been published by accredited scholars and researchers Taylor (2011)

An organized written presentation of what has been published on a topic by the scholars Burns & Grove (2005)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature review addresses the following questions: - What is known about the topic? - What is the chronology of the development of knowledge? - What is lacking, inconclusive, contradictory? - What are the existing theories in the field of research? - Why should a research problem be studied further?
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LITERATURE REVIEW IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Purpose - to direct the development and implementation of a research study Major review is done at the beginning of the research process & limited review during the generalization of research report Relevant sources are cited in all sections of the research report

LITERATURE REVIEW IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Purpose & timing depend on the type of study Phenomenological research after the data collection & analysis Grounded theory research minimal relevant review in the beginning of the study Ethnographical research done early in research process to give background for the study Historical research an initial review to select the research problem & to develop research questions

TYPES OF LITERATURE

Theoretical literature
Empirical literature Non research references

SOURCES OF REVIEW

Primary sources

Secondary sources

MAJOR STAGES IN LITERATURE REVIEW

Searching the literature Reading the literature Writing the literature

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SEARCHING THE LITERATURE

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Search strategy - Approaches


Cooper (1998)

Bibliographic databases Ancestory approach use the citations from relevant studies & track down earlier research Decendancy approach search forward to find recent studies Grey literature refers to studies with limited distribution (conference papers, unpublished reports, dissertations)
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Search strategy Approaches Contd.


Systematic Review A review that is conducted according to clearly stated, scientific research methods, and is designed to minimize biases and errors inherent to traditional, narrative reviews. Burns & Grove (2005) Meta analysis Review A meta analysis is a mathematical synthesis of the results of two are more primary studies that addressed the same hypothesis in the same way Taylor (2011)
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Systematic Review& Meta Analysis


Example: Meta-analysis of studies showed that KMC substantially reduces neonatal mortality amongst preterm babies (birth weight <2000 g) in hospital, and is highly effective in reducing severe morbidity, particularly from infection.

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Select data bases to search

A bibliographical database is a compilation of citations relevant to a specific discipline or from a variety of disciplines Three distinct types - Indexes & abstracts - Full text reprint services - Link citations Data bases - Printed form - Electronic data base

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Electronic Databases for Nurse Researchers

CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) MEDLINE (Medical Literature Online) ISI (Institute for Scientific Information Web of Knowledge)

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CINAHL Database

Contains citations of nursing literature published after 1955 Referred as Red Books by nursing scholars Covers English language, Nursing and Allied Health journals, books, book chapters, dissertations & selected conference proceedings Electronic version contains database from 1982 to the present (more than one million records) Accessed online http://www.cinahl.com or by CDROM

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MEDLINE Database

Developed by US National Library of Medicine (NLM) Free access Covers about 5000 Medical, Nursing and Health journals 15 million records from mid 1960s From 1999, Abstracts of Cochrane collaboration became available Is an online database with free access through PubMed web www.ncbi.nlm.gov/entrez/query.fcgi

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ISI Web Knowledge

Maintains multidisciplinary sources called the web of knowledge Offers integrated searching Covers most fields of social & applied sciences including medicine and nursing

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Other Databases

Cancer Lit Cochrane database of systematic review Dissertations abstract online Psych Info

OVID
Science Direct
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Systematically record references


As per the format used in the reference list APA (American Psychological Association,2001), Vancouver Cross check the sources cited two or three times to prevent errors Use reference management software

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Use Reference Management Software


To track the references you have obtained To store information on all search fields As you read insert comments It also organizes the references into the reference style you intend to use Eg Mind map, Adobe reader and End Note

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Performing complex searches

Combines two or more concepts or synonyms in one search Three most common ways - Boolean operators - Locational operators - positional operators Truncating symbols - !, +, $,*,? AND #

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Operators

Permit grouping of ideas, selection of places to search,& to show relationship within a data base record Examine Help Screen to see whether the operators are available and how they are used

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Boolean operators

3 words AND, OR and NOT Often capitalized

Used with the identified concepts


OR is commonly used

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Locational operators

Identify terms in specific areas Article name, journal & author name

Subject headings, abstracts, cited references, publication type, instruments used

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Positional operators

To look for requested terms Highly dependent on data base search software

Common ones are NEAR, WITH & ADJ (adjacent)

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Example
Search topic Hits

Kangaroo mother care(KMC) KMC AND Preterm neonate* Limit to English Limit to entries with abstracts Limit to nursing journals Limit to 2002-2011 publications

4,251,823 3164 1650 1336 800 496

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READING AND CRITIQUING SOURCES

Skimming sources Comprehending sources

Analyzing sources
Synthesizing sources

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Formulate and refine primary & secondary questions

Devise search strategy (e.g., select databases, identify keywords etc) Document search decisions and actions

Search for, identify, and retrieve potential primary sources materials

Identify new references, new leads

Screen sources for relevance, appropriateness

Discard irrelevant or inappropriate references

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Read source materials

Abstract, encode information from the studies Critique/ evaluate studies Analyze, integrate information, search for themes Prepare synthesis/critical summary
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WRITING LITERATURE REVIEW

Sorting sources Developing the written review

Checking references

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Characteristics of a Quality Review

Must be comprehensive & thorough incorporating up to date references Systematic Reproducible Absence of bias Sum of its parts

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ROLE OF A RESEARCHER
To point out what is known already, how dependable the studies are, what are the gaps that exists in the body of research and the contribution to the present study would make differences.

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CONCLUSION

Literature Review Is a critical step in the research process Is challenging Is undertaken for many different purposes & the length depends on the purpose Use mainly primary sources for developing research proposals & reports Computerized databases are available

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REFERENCES

Burns, N., & Grove, K. S. (2005). The practice of nursing research: Conduct, critique and utilization (5th ed.). Missouri: Elsevier Publication. Munshall, P. L. (2001). Nursing Research: A qualitative perspective. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Polit, F. D., & Beck, T. C. (2008). Nursing research generating and assessing evidence fir nursing practice (8th ed.). New Delhi: Wolters Kluwer (India) Pvt. Ltd.

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REFERENCES

Taylor, T. (2011). The literature review: A few tips on conducting it. Retrieved June 6, 2011 from http://wwwwriting utoronto ca/advice/specific types-of-listing/literature-review. UNC Education Department. (2011). Literature reviews. Retrieved June 14, 2011 from http://wwwunc edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/literature_review html.

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