Refrigeration Process of achieving and maintaining a temperature below that of the surroundings.

Aplicattions

Preservation of perishable food products by storing them at low temperatures. Providing thermal comfort to human beings by means of air conditioning.
Based on the working principle, refrigeration systems can be classified as: Vapour compression systems, Vapour absorption systems, Gas cycle systems ,etc

Refrigerants Any body or substance that acts as a cooling medium by extracting heat from Another body or substance. Normally by refrigerants we mean the working fluids that undergo condensation and evaporation as in compression and absorption systems. Water Ethyl ether.- NBP =34.5C, Presures lower than atmospheric are need (vaccum operation). Safety (explosive mixtures if air leaks into the system), toxicity. Dimethyl ether.- NBP=23.6C. Toxic & inflammable Carbon dioxide.- Low critical T (31.7C). Very high operating pressure. Ammonia.- NBP=33.3C. Toxic, slight flammability, not compatible with cooper. Sulphur dioxide.- NBP=10C. Not flammable, reacts with moisture (sulphuric acid) Almost all the refrigerants used in the early stages of refrigeration suffered from one problem or other. Most of these problems were linked to safety issues such as toxicity, flammability, high operating pressures etc.

To understand refrigerants it is necessary to understand intractions between P y T. An ideal refrigerant must: 1. Operate with P positives 2. Tcrit above of T of condensation, T free below T of the evaporator. Low T boiling 3. Low V spec (vapor phase), High V (liquid phase) 4. High latent heat

Number of a refrigerant plus 90 gives the molecular structure on single halogenated hydrocarbon (C,H,F); remaining bonds are Cl. Cloromethane (R40): 40+90=130 (1C, 3H, 0F) CH3Cl 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a): 134+90=224 (2C,2H,4F)C2H2F4 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (R-123a): 123+90=213 (2C,1H,3F)C2H1F3Cl2

REFRIGERATION Purpose is to maintain a cold region at a temperature below the temperature of its surroundings. Transfer heat from a low T to a High T. Is that possible?? Ciclo de Carnot inverso -Process are all internaly Irreversible -Heat transfers between the refrigerant and each region occur with no temperature differences, there are no external irreversibilities

Evaporator The refrigerant enters the evaporator as a two-phase liquidvapor mixture (4) at Tc, some of it changes from liquid to vapor. WHY???? (T & P are held constant) Compressor The refrigerant is compressed adiabatically from 1, (two-phase liquidvapor mixture), to 2 where it is a saturated vapor. TCTH ; P increases as well Condenser Goes from 2 (SV) to 3 (SL). WHY??? (T & P are held contant) Turbine The refrigerant returns 4, the inlet of the evaporator by expanding adiabatically through a turbine. TH TC; P decreases.

Diagram T-s, can be interpreted as Heat transfer (reversible process).

Area 1ab41 is the heat added to the refrigerant from the cold region per unit mass of refrigerant Area 2ab32 is the heat rejected from the refrigerant to the warm region per unit mass of refrigerant. Area 12341 is the net heat transfer from the refrigerant (Work done on the refrigerant), difference between compressor work input and turbine work output

The coefficient of performance of any refrigeration cycle is the ratio of the refrigeration effect to the net work input required to achieve that effect.

Departures from Inverse Carnot cycle The heat transfers between the refrigerant and the two regions. Temperature gradients.

Departures from Inverse Carnot cycle Wet compression. Wet compression is normally avoided because the presence of liquid droplets in the flowing liquidvapor mixture can damage the compressor. (1 - 2). Expansion (3to 4) produces a relatively small amount of work compared to the work input in the compression process. Work output of the turbine is normally sacrificed by substituting a simple throttling valve for the expansion turbine. BENEFITS ??

The Carnot Refrigerator and the heat pump

By replacing the heat transfer ratios in the above relations by the ratios of the absolute temperatures of the high- and low-temperature reservoirs

These are the highest coefficients of performance that a refrigerator or a heat pump operating between the temperature limits of TL and TH can have.

The COPs of both the refrigerators and the heat pumps decrease as TL decreases. That is, it requires more work to absorb heat from lowertemperature media.

Has been claim that a refrigerator maintains the refrigerated space at 35F while operating in a room where the temperature is 75F and that has a COP of 13.5. Is this claim reasonable?

Ref01.mcd

Performance of Vapor-Compression Systems IDEAL VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE

If irreversibilities (in evaporator and condenser) are ignored, there are no DP, and the refrigerant flows at constant pressure through the HE.
12s: Isentropic compression of the refrigerant from 1 to the condenser P at state 2s. 2s3: HT from the refrigerant as it flows at constant pressure through the condenser. 34: Throttling process from state 3 to a twophase liquidvapor mixture at 4. 41: Heat transfer to the refrigerant as it flows at constant pressure through the evaporator to complete the cycle.

Refrigerant 134a is the working fluid in an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle that communicates thermally with a cold region at 0C and a warm region at 26C. Saturated vapor enters the compressor at 0C and saturated liquid leaves the condenser at 26C. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.08 kg/s. Determine: (a) the compressor power, in kW, (b) the refrigeration capacity, (c) the coefficient of performance, and (d) the coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigeration cycle operating between warm and cold regions at 26 and 0C, respectively.

Assumptions 1. Each component of the cycle is analyzed as a control volume at steady state. 2. Except for the expansion through the valve, all processes of the refrigerant are internally reversible. 3. The compressor and expansion valve operate adiabatically. 4. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. 5. Saturated vapor at the compressor, and saturated liquid at the condenser.

Saturated vapor at 0C,