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Management
Canadian Edition
Schermerhorn Wright
Prepared by: Michael K. McCuddy Adapted by: Lynda Anstett & Lorie Guest Published by: John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
workplace?
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Management - Chapter 14
Process theories
How people give meaning to rewards and make decisions on various work-related behaviors.
Reinforcement theory
How peoples behavior is influenced by environmental consequences.
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Study Question 2: What are the different types of individual needs? Types of content theories:
Hierarchy of needs theory
ERG theory
Two-factor theory Acquired needs theory
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Higher-order needs:
Esteem and self-actualization needs. Desire for psychological growth and development.
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Progression principle
A need at one level does not become activated until
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Satisfier factors:
Elements of the job content. Sources of job satisfaction and motivation.
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theories of motivation:
How many different individual needs are there?
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theory
To maximize expectancy, managers should:
Select workers with ability. Train workers to use ability. Support work efforts. Clarify performance goals.
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theory
To maximize instrumentality, managers should:
Clarify psychological contracts. Communicate performance-outcome possibilities.
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theory
To maximize valence in a positive direction, managers should: Identify individual needs. Adjust rewards to match individual needs.
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process:
Set specific goals. Set challenging goals. Build goal acceptance and commitment. Clarify goal priorities. Provide feedback on goal accomplishment. Reward goal accomplishment.
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participation. When participation is not possible, workers will respond positively if supervisory trust and support exist.
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Negative reinforcement
Increases the frequency of a behavior through the contingent removal of an unpleasant consequence.
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Extinction
Decreases the frequency of a behavior through the contingent removal of an pleasant consequence.
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Study Question 5: What are the challenges of motivation in the new workplace?
Integrated model of motivation
Motivation leads to work effort that, when combined with appropriate individual abilities and organizational support, leads to performance accomplishment. The motivational impact of any rewards received for this performance accomplishment depends on equity and reinforcement considerations.
Ultimately, satisfaction with rewards should lead to increased motivation to work hard in the future.
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Study Question 5: What are the challenges of motivation in the new workplace?
Pay for performance Paying people for performance is consistent with:
Equity theory. Expectancy theory. Reinforcement theory.
Merit pay
Awards a pay increase in proportion to individual performance contributions. Provides performance contingent reinforcement. May not succeed due to weakness in performance appraisal system or lack of consistency in application.
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Study Question 5: What are the challenges of motivation in the new workplace?
Incentive compensation systems: Skill-based pay.
Links pay to the number of job-relevant skills an employee masters.
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Study Question 5: What are the challenges of motivation in the new workplace?
Incentive compensation systems: Profit-sharing plans.
Some or all employees receive a proportion of net profits earned by the organization.
Gain-sharing plans.
Groups of employees share in any savings realized through their efforts to reduce costs and increase productivity.
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