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Design
Board: 7 plies of sugar maple wood
Combined with polyvinyl glues Compressed at 300 psi (2.06 x 106) for up to an hour Concave design tails at about 200 angle Covered in Grip Tape
Wheels
Urethane: abrasion resistance, high traction and resiliency (restores shape after deformation and adds shock absorption) Turn about ball bearings
Design
Trucks:
Axle, base plate, pivot point Axle pivots on two urethane cushions Allow wheels to swing in predefined arc
Riding
Push off of the ground with back foot Turn by leaning left or right More common turn uses back wheel as pivot for axis of rotation
The Ollie
Rider begins with back foot on back fin Crouches to allow more room for vertical acceleration Puts downward force on back fin as he jumps up Front of board pops up
The Ollie
Skateboard accelerates vertically due to force of the riders jump Front foot pulls the board vertically using friction between the shoe and grip tape Front foot pushes front end down, back end rises to meet back foot Creates illusion of the board being connected to the riders feet
Or rider turns in mid air by rotating upper and lower body in opposite directions: small torque on arms translates to large one on legs
L = iw = p x r i of arms > i of legs w of arms < w of legs Thus angular momentum is conserved
The Kickflip
During ascent, rider kicks down on side of the board his foot is closest to Cause a rotation about the axis from fin to fin (long axis) Spin occurs during ascent, should meet riders feet at peak height, after already having completed the spin Heelflip: Board is flipped at opposite end with outward kick of the heel
Grinding
Moving on a surface without using the wheels must overcome static friction Can grind on Trucks or the bottom of the deck (board slide) Rider contacts pole at peak of jump Trucks have greater coefficient of kinetic friction than the board with most surfaces Friction between two metals is less than that between cement and metal
Vert Skating
Performed on a halfpipe
U-shaped, only ends are actually vertical Sloped part is transition
Increasing Speed
Rider pumps on half pipe
Crouches down going into bottom of pipe Raises up coming out of bottom
Increasing Speed
To go higher, rider must do work Rider works against centripetal force to raise himself while coming out of the pipe
He does work which leads to a net energy gain
Larger ramps increase speed by increasing centripetal force against which rider rises
More work translates to greater kinetic energy
Eventually, energy added with each pump cannot overcome energy lost to wind resistance
Records
Highest flight off a half pipe: 23.5 ft = 7.16 m
V2 = Vo2 - 2a (distance traveled) Left Half pipe at 11.85 m/sec
Records
The Loop
Tony Hawk is the only Rider to have completed a loop Slowest speed needed to remain in contact a = V2/R, R = 5.49 -F(normal) F(gravity) = m(-a) = m(-V2/R) On verge of losing contact, F(normal) = 0 Thus -g = - V2/R, and v = (gR) = 7.334 m/s
Falling
Mostly due to rider putting to great a horizontal force on the board Occurs frequently with grinding
References
http://www.exploratorium.edu/skateboarding/ http://skateboarddirectory.com/articles/478516_the_physics_of_the_ollie.ht ml http://kingfish.coastal.edu/physics/projects/2000_Spring/skateboarding/ http://www.dannyway.com Halliday et al. Fundamentals of Physics 7th Edition. Wiley International Edition, 2005.