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Statistics
Descriptive Statistics Gives numerical and graphic procedures to summarize a collection of data in a clear and understandable way
Inferential Statistics Provides procedures to draw inferences about a population from a sample
Descriptive Measures
Central Tendency measures. They are
computed to give a center around which the measurements in the data are distributed.
Example of Mean
Measurements x
3 5 5 1 7 2 6 7 0 4 40
Deviation x - mean
-1 1 1 -3 3 -2 2 3 -4 0 0
MEAN = 40/10 = 4
Notice that the sum of the deviations is 0. Notice that every single observation intervenes in the computation of the mean.
Example of Median
Measurements Measurements Ranked x x 3 0 5 1 5 2 1 3 7 4 2 5 6 5 7 6 0 7 4 7 40 40
Example of Mode
Measurements x 3 5 5 1 7 2 6 7 0 4
In this case the data have tow modes: 5 and 7 Both measurements are repeated twice
Example of Mode
Measurements x 3 5 1 1 4 7 3 8 3
Mode: 3
5 mins
Microsoft Word clipart
3 12 4 6 1 4 2 5 8
Mean 5
Median 4
Mode 4
Example of Variance
Measurements Deviations x 3 5 5 1 7 2 6 7 0 4 40 x - mean -1 1 1 -3 3 -2 2 3 -4 0 0 Square of deviations 1 1 1 9 9 4 4 9 16 0 54
Variance = 54/9 = 6
It is a measure of spread. Notice that the larger the deviations (positive or negative) the larger the variance
Groups of data
Finding the mean is slightly more difficult. We use the midpoint of the group and multiply this by the frequency.
Midpoint (x) 2 7 12 17 22
Frequency (f) 6 12 7 5 0 n = 30
265 / 30 =
8.8
Midpoint (x) 2 7 12 17 22
Frequency (f) 6 12 7 5 0 n = 30
We cannot find the mode for grouped data but we can find the modal group. The modal group. The modal group is the group that occurs most frequently (ie: 5-9 group).