Chapter 19

Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

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Main Points
1. Portuguese explorers go around Africa to India and the East Indies, gain control of Indian trade 2. Columbus discovers the Americas for Spain, Spanish conquer Central and South America 3. Spanish develop Mexico-Manila-China trade 4. Russians expand into Siberia 5. English and Dutch replace Portuguese controlling East Indies trading posts.
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Portuguese Exploration Originally for fishing Land hunger Discovery of Azores, Madeiras Islands Acquisition of land to plant sugarcane

14th Century Sugar Mill on Cyprus

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The Lure of Trade

Indian Ocean Trade Routes

Maritime routes to Asia Spices, silk, porcelain Silk roads more dangerous since spread of bubonic plague Prices, profits increase Indian pepper, Chinese ginger increasingly essential to diet of European wealthy classes African gold, ivory, slaves

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John de Montecorvino, Catholic Archbishop of Beijing 1308

Missionary Efforts

Franciscan and Dominican missionaries to India, central Asia, and China Violent efforts with Crusades

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The Technology of Exploration Chinese rudder introduced in 12th century Square sails replaced by triangular lateen sales Work better with cross winds Navigational instruments Knowledge of winds, currents

Reconstruction of Portuguese Ship

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Portuguese Breakthroughs
Prince Henry of Portugal (13941460) Promoted exploration of west African coast Established fortified trading posts 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, enters Indian Ocean basin Storms, restless crew force return Vasco da Gama reaches India by this route, 1497 By 1500, a trading post at Calicut

Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal

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2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

Vasco da Gama, Portuguese sailor who reached India

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Christopher Columbus (14511506)

Christopher Columbus Discoverer of America

Believed Earth was smaller Estimated Japan approximately 2,500 miles west of Canaries (actually 10,000 miles) Portuguese kings do not fund proposed westward trip Fernando and Isabel of Spain underwrite voyage Discovers Bahamas and Cuba

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Hemispheric Links

European Exploration in the Atlantic Ocean 1486 -1498

Columbus tries three times, never reaches Asia But by early 16th century, several powers follow English, Spanish, French, Dutch Realization of value of newly discovered Americas

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Circumnavigation of the Globe

Ferdinand Magellan (1480 1521) not supported by Portuguese, uses Spanish support to circumnavigate globe in 15191522 Sails through Strait of Magellan at southern tip of South America Crew assailed by scurvy, only 35 of 250 sailors survive journey Magellan killed in local political dispute in Philippine Islands

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Exploration of the Pacific
Spanish build PhilippinesMexico trade route English and Russians look for northwest passage to Asia Most of route clogged by ice in Arctic circle Norwegian Roald Amundsen completes route only in 20th century Sir Frances Drake (England) explores west coast of North America 1577 -1581 Vitus Bering (Russia) sails through Bering Strait 1741 James Cook (England) 176679 explores southern Pacific

Sir Francis Drake

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Voyages of European Exploration in the Pacific Ocean, 15191780

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Establishment of Trading-Post Empires
Portuguese first to set up trading posts Fifty by mid-16th century Not to establish trade monopolies; rather, to charge duties Afonso dAlboquerque major naval commander Architect of trade duties policy; violators would have hands amputated Yet Arab traders continue to operate Portuguese control declines by end of 16th century

Afonso dAlboquerque Portuguese commander

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Content Questions 1
1.What Portuguese explorers found the route around Africa to India? How did they try to control trade? 2. What were the results of Columbuss discover of the Americas for the Americas and the rest of the world? 3. What nation did the Spanish trade with from Manila? 4. Where did Magellans expedition go? Who were later explorers of the Pacific?
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English and Dutch Trading Posts

European Trading Posts in Africa and Asia about 1700

Rival, parallel trading networks English concentrate on Indian trade Dutch in Cape Town, Colombo, southern Pacific

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The Trading Companies Advantage of Dutch and English over Portuguese English East India Trading Company, established 1600 Dutch United East India Company (VOC), established 1602 Privately owned ships, with government support Empowered with right to engage in trade, build posts, even make war Exceptionally profitable

Dutch East India Company Merchant Ship

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Arrival of the Spanish in the Philippines

European Conquests in Southeast Asia

Spanish conquer Philippines, name them after King Philip II Manila becomes major port city Influx of Chinese traders, highly resented by Spanish and Filipinos Frequent massacres throughout 17th up to 19th century Significant missionary activity Dutch concentrate on spice trade in Indonesia Establish Batavia, trading post in Java Less missionary activity
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Russian Expansion in Asia
Russians take over Mongol khanates, 16th century Caucasus absorbed in 18th century Siberian expansions in 16th to 17th centuries Trade with indigenous Siberian peoples Little success with missionary efforts Some local rebellions

Yermak conquered Siberia for Russia 1582

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Russian Occupation of Siberia

Criminals and prisoners of war exiled to Siberia Disgruntled peasants migrate east Trading posts develop Russian population expands dramatically 1763, 420,000 Russians in Siberia, outnumber indigenous peoples 2:1

Bashkirs (Nomads working for the Russians) conducting Convicts to Siberia

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Russian Expansion, 14621795

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Russian Convict Village in Siberia

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European Commercial Rivalries

Amboyna Massacre: English Merchants tortured and killed by Dutch in East Indies

Mariners compete for trade in Asia and the Americas Global conflict erupts: Europe, India, Caribbean, North America

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The Columbian Exchange

Named for Christopher Columbus Global diffusion: Plants and crops Animals Human populations Disease pathogens Links between previously independent biological zones Permanently alters human geography and natural environment

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Epidemic Diseases and Population Decline
Smallpox Also measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, influenza No prior exposure to these diseases in western hemisphere or Oceania No inherited, acquired immunities 1519, smallpox in Aztec empire Population declines 90% within 100 years (17 million to 1.3 million)

Aztecs with Smallpox

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Native American Farmers

Food Crops and Animals

Columbian exchange also increases overall food supply Introduction of European animals to Americas Horses, cattle, pigs, chickens, etc. Introduction of American foods to Europe, Asia, Africa Maize, potatoes, beans, etc.

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World Population Growth, 15001800 CE

900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1500 1600 1700 1800 Millions

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Human Population Movements

Enslaved Africans To South America, North America, Caribbean European pioneers

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Origins of Global Trade

Manila Galleon: Basis of Pacific Trade

Transoceanic trade in Atlantic Ocean basin Manufactured goods from Europe Raw goods from Americas The Manila galleons 15651815 Spanish galleons dominate Pacific Ocean trade Chinese luxury goods for American raw materials, especially silver
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Natives Bringing Furs to Trade

Environmental Effects of Global Trade

Fur-bearing animals hunted to extinction or nearextinction Also whales, codfish, other animals with industrial uses Relentless human exploitation of the natural environment

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Review Main Points

1. Portuguese explorers go around Africa to India and the East Indies, gain control of Indian trade 2. Columbus discovers the Americas for Spain, Spanish conquer Central and South America 3. Spanish develop Mexico-Manila-China trade 4. Russians expand into Siberia 5. English and Dutch replace Portuguese controlling East Indies trading posts.
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Content Questions 2

1. How did the Dutch and the English organize Asian trade? What areas did they trade with? 2. How did the Russians settle Siberia? What kinds of people did they send there? 3. What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange in the Americas and elsewhere? 4. What was the impact of global trade on people and the environment?
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