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Special senses
Sight the eye Hearing the ear Equilibrium the ear Smell the nose Taste the tongue
THE EYE
The Eye
Vision is our dominant sense 70% of all sensory receptors are in the eye It has a diameter of ~ 2.5 cm It is enclosed in the http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRtvkjpTrTlGpal7n83yKgsYGivttUmeNtQLe55t7Y0AJKtoA&t=1&us bony orbit and g=__3unSAsGJdDSm0QZM68wPwwGKvbo= cushioned by fat
Accessory Structures
Eyebrow shade eyes from sunlight and sweat Eyelid protect and lubricate the eye by blinking
http://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u15/Blue_eye.jpg
Accessory Structures
Conjuctiva lines the eyelids and anterior surface of the eyeball
http://seeclearly.com/Images/conjunctivitis.jpg
Accessory Structures
Lacrimal apparatus
Gland Sac Canaliculi Nasolacrimal duct
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_i4f5qTnXK2I/TLM43qj349I/AAAAAAAAAYo/Iti gNTw5iLM/s1600/acesory+eye.jpg
Accessory Structures
Extrinsic eye muscles move the eye
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The Eye
Contains three layers: 1. Fibrous 2. Vascular 3. Sensory (deep)
Outer Layer
Fibrous
Sclera gives the eye its shape Cornea allows light to enter
http://www.scitec3.esmartstudent.com/labelledexterior2.jpg
Middle Layer
Vascular layer
Choroid provides nutrients; prevents scattering of light Ciliary body muscles control thickness of lens Iris muscles control size of pupil
http://www.scitec3.esmartstudent.com/labelledfront.jpg
Inner Layer
Sensory/ retina
Cones colour; bright light Rods shades of grey; dim light Nerves
http://www.lightenergysource.com/images/LES%20%20Rods%20&%20Cones.jpg
Colour Blindness
http://academic.greensboroday.org/~regesterj/potl/Wav es/Light/EyeTests/FullSize/plate11.jpg
Lens
Biconvex Suspended Attached to ciliary body Refractory structure
http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bsci111b/eye/coweye/lens.jpg
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P202/Special_S enses/Eye/eye_dissection_jpgs/10_view_into_eye_best_P2112022lbd.JPG
Pathway of light
Cornea - bends Aqueous humor Lens - focuses Vitreous humor
http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/b/images/blinds pot.jpg
Activity
Activity 7.1.1 Eye tutorial Activity 7.1.2 Sheep eye dissection Activity 7.1.3 The eye and vision Activity 7.1.4 After image exercise Activity 7.1.5 Eye quiz 1 Activity 7.1.6 Eye quiz 2 Activity 7.1.7 Eye quiz 3 Activity 7.1.8 Patient education
THE EAR
The Ear
Hearing AND Balance Three major areas:
External Middle Internal
http://knightsbridgelaserclinic.ellipseipl.co.uk/images/pic-female-ear.jpg
External ear
Auricle/ pinna elastic cartilage External auditory meatus 2.5 cm
Ceruminous glands
Tympanic membrane
Thin connective membrane Vibrates Boundary
http://www.neuroreille.com/promenade/english/ear/ exear/e_oreille_ext.gif
Middle ear
Aka. Tympanic cavity Auditory ossicles
Malleus Incus Stapes
Bony wall
Round window Oval window
http://www.moleshare.org.uk/molehole/19D140C2F0/noise_06.jpg
Internal ear
Aka. Labyrinth
Bony labyrinth Membranous labyrinth
Hearing
http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRz__EirA_XXlwzQLHdbnb5l8SnYbKU8 b98h59GsLvwd-uMaMk&t=1&usg=__W3knNKfiAz569lN58I01VAxZ-UM=
The Cochlea
http://www.einstein.yu.edu/aif/galler y/haircells/haircell.gif
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http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TGR8TxUfiIw/Ro7Y0LezcwI/AAAAAAAAAdg/onckI3dixR4/s400/19.jpg
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Activity
Activity 7.2.1 Anatomy of the ear tutorial Activity 7.2.2 How the ear works Activity 7.2.3 Science of sound Activity 7.2.4 Journey into the ear Activity 7.2.5 How the body works: The organs of balance Activity 7.2.6 Ear quiz
The Nose
Olfactory sense far less than animals We distinguish hundreds of odours odours
http://courses.washington.edu/biol485c/nose%20image.jpg
The Nose
Olfactory receptors: roof nasal cavity Lifespan: 30-60 days Receptor cells are bipolar neurons Excited by volatile chemicals
http://www.veteranstoday.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/10/olfactory_nerve-to-brain.jpg
http://anatomy.cc/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/f0098-01.jpg
Activity
Activity 7.3.1 Nose and nasal cavity tutorial Activity 7.3.2 The sense of smell tutorial Activity 7.3.3 How do we smell? Activity 7.3.4 How the body works the olfactory pathway Activity 7.3.5 Nose and nasal cavity quiz
The Tongue
Taste buds oral cavity: cheeks, pharynx, epiglottis and tongue Each contains 50100 cells Taste is 80% smell
http://www.eu-sol.net/images/copy3_of_images/Tongue.jpg
The Tongue
Circumvallate large, round Foliate lateral walls Fungiform mushroom shaped
The Tongue
Five taste sensations:
1. Sweet sugars, alcohols, amino acids 2. Sour - acids 3. Salty metal ions (inorganic salts) 4. Bitter alkaloids 5. Umami - (delicious) glutamate
http://atasteofheaventreats.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/04/cheesecake.jpg
http://www.pitt.edu/~anat/Head/Mouth/Mouth1.jpg
Activity
Activity 7.4.1 Tastes buds on tongue Activity 7.4.2 Supertasters taste buds Activity 7.4.3 The sense of taste Activity 7.4.4 The sense of taste tutorial Activity 7.4.5 Smelling and tasting
http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT3LeAXyb-DpnEWRqZX9O77HCdRaxVjF6mn0CXxPuFgP8FHCE&t=1&h=163&w=228&usg=__doM3h-1el2GnJuvZawGEPpaHgOk=
Activity
Activity 7.5.1 Special senses quiz
General Senses
Receptors scattered throughout the body Include:
Touch Pressure Temperature Pain Propioception
Proprioception
The sense of position Receptors located in tendons, muscles and joints Cerebellum
http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSeM9g350ObKeYPSHJNzzocvlx1llPn_OAO0N_Xaw5xC0QiaU&t=1&usg=__25y9qq7wsxvY1bZE2wgUn4U5Mk=
Activity
Activity 7.6.1 The sensory cortex and touch Activity 7.6.2 Muscle sense tutorial
References
Cohen, B. J. and J. J. Taylor (2009). Memmler's Structure and Function of the Human Body. Baltimore, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Marieb, E. N. and K. Hoehn (2010). Human Anatomy and Physiology. San Francisco, Benjamin Cummings. Martini, F. H. (2006). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology. San Francisco, Benjamin Cummings.
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