New Vehicle Technologies

Peter Robertson General Manager Vehicle Safety Standards (VSS) (Administrator of Vehicle Standards)

Topics covered
Evolution of safety technology New Vehicle Technologies
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) Alternative Control Other Innovations

Potential impact of technologies

The Evolution of Safety Technology

1950s

1990s

The Evolution of Safety Technology

1924 Safety glass standard on Cadillacs 1950s -Toughened glass introduced 1950 Disc brakes available on Chryslers 1951 Crumple zones patented by Mercedes Benz 1954 Seatbelts optionally available on some US cars 1959 Three point seatbelts available on Volvos 1959 Safety body with crumple zones produced by Mercedes Benz 1962 Split service brake systems introduced 1967 Energy absorbing steering columns introduced 1968 Head restraints introduced

The Evolution of Safety Technology

1971 Three point inertia reel seatbelts introduced 1974 Airbags introduced 1983 Airbags available on US cars 1985 Antilock Brake Systems (ABS) available on US cars 1991 Side Impact Protection System (SIPS) airbags introduced by Volvo 1995 Electronic Stability Control (ESC) introduced produced by Bosch 1995 Seatbelts with tensioners and integrated force limiters introduced in Mercedes Benz 1996 Brake Assist System (BAS) introduced in Mercedes Benz

New Technologies
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) traction control, ABS, ESP, ESC, HUD Alternative control - steer-by-wire, drive-bywire, brake-by-wire, joysticks Other innovations alternative fuels, hybrids, fuel cells, regenerative braking, LED lamps, distributed light sources, wiperless windows, Tweels, gas discharge headlamps, multiplexing, camera mirrors

New Technologies
System Traction Engine Transmission Fuel Running gear Type Variable valve timing, Tiptronic transmission, Hybrids, Fuel cells, LPG/CNG, Traction control ABS, EBFD, Traction control, Regenerative systems Drive-by-wire, Emissions SCR, Run-flat tyres

Braking

Service Parking

Brake-by-wire

New Technologies
System Chassis Suspension Steering Type ESC ESP Steer-by-wire, Tweels, Composite materials, Multiplexing

New Technologies
System Driver/ vehicle interface Headlamps Cornering lamps Fog lamps Mirrors Demister Windscreen wipers Sun visors Instruments Controls Type Gas discharge headlamps, Advanced windscreens, Night vision, Collision avoidance, Lane Keep Support, SatNav, HUD, Pedestrian awareness, Cruise control, Joystick control. Distributed light sources, LED lamps, See-by-wire (camera mirrors)

New Technologies
System
Conspicuity Position

Type lamps Stop lamps Indicators Registration lamps DSRC (toll, theft, collision reporting) Distributed light sources, LED lamps

Occupant protection

Seatbelts Child restraints Airbags Headrests

Pre-tensioners, Side airbags, Curtain airbags Intelligent airbags, Collision mitigation airbag controls

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)

On-board systems that utilise information that is received from direct sensing and/or telecommunications via the road infrastructure or other source (WP.29)

ITS Research
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems in Europe (ADASE) SAVE-IT (SAfety VEhicles using adaptive Interface Technologies) Intelligent Vehicles Initiative (IVI) ASV Advanced Safety Vehicles Japan Automobile Manufactures Association (JAMA) Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (AAM)

ITS Research
Universal Traffic Management Society of Japan (UTMS) - Infrastructure beacon warning systems Association of Radio Industries & Businesses (ARIB) (Japan) - Information systems Automotive Multimedia Interface Collaboration (AMIC) Standardisation of mobile information & entertainment

ITS Industry
Manufacturers:
Toyota, Ford (Volvo, LandRover, Jaguar, Lincoln, Mercury, Mazda, Aston-Martin), GM, Renault, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, DaimlerChrysler, Mitsubishi, Porsche, Volkswagen, Peugeot, Nissan, Subaru, Honda and others.

Support Industries:
Bosch, TRW, Delphi & Continental Tevis Delphi, IBM, Motorola, Siemens VDO Automotive and others. Texas Instruments, Philips Semiconductors, and others.

Partnerships:
Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership (CAMP) Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (AAM) Japan Automobile Manufactures Association (JAMA) Telematics Valley

ITS Government UN ECE WP.29-ITS Working Group IHRA-ITS Intelligent Transport Systems Joint Programs Office (ITS-JPO), part of USDOT (FHWA, NHTSA, FTA, FRA, FMCSA, MARAD)

ITS Categories (WP.29)

Information Collection
Driving Assistance Information Support Assistance for Control Automatic Drive

ITS Information Collection

Systems that collect and/or distribute information, not relating to assisting the driver in controlling the vehicle Information & Entertainment:
Telematics (Integration of internet / phone / PDA / BlueTooth technology)

Information for Infrastructure:

Probe information systems (Fleet management) Real-time online diagnostics of vehicle Electronic Toll Collection (eTag) Automatic Roadside Assistance (eCall, OnStar) Event Data Recorders (EDR)

ITS Information Collection

AUTOMATIC CRASH NOTIFICATION 100% fitment to GM in USA 2007 100% fitment in all marques in EU by 2009
Generate information Transmission Quasi Emergency Service Providers Process and display

CAR OBU and CAN protocols

Airbag sensor or accelerometer triggers alert

Receive notification and contact driver and prepare to call 000 as each of 30 EMOs use different systems

Emergency Services answers phone and cannot see vehicle location or other data

6 CARRIERS 12 OEMS 60 PROTOCOLS

80 Black Box Manufacturers 3200 PROTOCOLS

6 Service Providers 5 TELCOs 15 Over the Air Protocols

Source: ITS AUSTRALIA

ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support

designed to assist part of the drivers recognition and decision-making by utilising advanced technologies (WP.29) Collision Avoidance
Forward / Rear Collision Warning (FCW, RCW) (CMS, FOREWARN, ADA) Lane Keep Support (AFIL) Side Obstacles Advisory System (ASV) Intersection (beacon from infrastructure) Low speed maneuverability (parking)

ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support

Lane Keep Support (Nissan)

ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support

www.seeingmachines.com

ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support

www.seeingmachines.com

ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support

Visibility Assistance
Advanced Frontline Systems (AFS) (DRL GM) Night Vision Systems (Night Vision GM, Autoliv) Advanced Windscreens Head Up Display (HUD) (Eye Cue GM) Blind-spot visibility (Volvo BLIS)

Driver Awareness Navigation Systems

Direct driver to location Crash / Traffic avoidance Road Barcode Systems (Peugeot)

ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support

Night Vision Assistance

http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/safety/avoid_crash/new_features/night_vision.html

ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support

Night Vision Assistance

http://www.autoliv.com/

ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support

ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control

designed to assist part of the drivers control (automatically) by utilising advanced technologies (WP.29)
Vehicle Positioning: Controls the position of the vehicle on the road
Conventional cruise control Active speed limit management Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) & Stop and Go (AICC ALERT, DISTRONIC, ADC) Crash Mitigation (CMS braking) Lane Keep Support (LKS) Parking assistance (eg Toyota Prius)

ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control

Adaptive Cruise Control

ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control

ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control

Vehicle Control: Assist in the performance of the vehicle through feedback Assistance for Steering: Assistance for Stopping: ESC: Electronic Stability Anti-lock braking (ABS) Control (ESP, StabilTrak, Electronically distributed AdvanceTrac, DSC, CSC, braking (EBD) DSTC, VDIM, ICCS, Emergency braking assist AHCCS VSA, ASC) (EBA, SBC) Assistance for Traction: Traction Control (TRAC) Advanced traction control (Terrain Response) Assistance for Stability: Roll Stability (RSC)

ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control

Electronic Stability Control

ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control

Electronic Stability Control

ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control

Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Research: Page, Y. & Cuny, S. (2004) Is ESP effective on French Roads? 1st International ESAR (Expert Symposium on Accident Research) Hannover, Germany - September 3-4. Tingvall, C., Krafft, M., Kullgren, A. & Lie, A. (2004) The Effectiveness Of ESP (Electronic Stability Programme) in Reducing Real Life Accidents, Traffic Injury Protection, vol 5, pg 37-41. Farmer, C. (2004) Effect of Electronic Stability Control on Automobile Crash Risk Traffic Injury Protection, vol 5, pg 31725. Dang, J.N. (2004) Preliminary Results Analyzing the Effectiveness Of Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Systems, US-DOT NHTSA, Evaluation Note DOT HS 809 790, September 2004.

ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control

Vehicle Configuration: Alters vehicle configuration to change performance
Suspension
Adjustable suspension (AIRMATIC, Terrain Control, AMVAR) Active suspension (Mercedes-Benz ABC, Delphi MagneRide)

Adaptive Head Restraint Systems (AHR) 2nd Generation Airbags (Intelligent Deployment) Pedestrian safety (Active Hoods)

ITS Automatic Drive

Automatically control vehicle without direct driver responsibility, using a combination of ITS technologies Automatic Drive Convoy Pilot Systems US Army TARDECE research on
autonomous ground vehicle navigation

ITS Automatic Drive

Alternative Control

steer-by-wire, drive-by-wire, brake by-wire, joysticks

Alternative Control
Types
Electrical/electronic systems in place of traditional mechanical systems
Steer by Wire (Hy-Wire & AUTOnomy) Throttle (By-Wire Chassis Technology including Throttle-by-wire, Quadrasteer) Braking (Delphi hybrid hydraulic/electric)

Alternative Control
Types

Other Innovations

alternative fuels, hybrids, fuel cells, regenerative braking, LED lamps, distributed light sources, advanced windscreens, Tweels, gas discharge headlamps, multiplexing, camera mirrors

Other Innovations
Types
New designs in place of traditional designs

Non-Conventional Tyres (Run-flat, Tweel) Alternative Fuel Systems (Fuel cells, Hydrogen ICE, Hybrid-Electric, Clean Diesel, Biofuels, Natural Gas, Propane) Alternative Seatbelts (Volvo four-point seatbelts)

Other Innovations
Types

Michelin Tweel

Other Innovations
Types

Ford Focus Fuel Cell Vehicle

Fuel cell vehicle schematic

Other Innovations
Types

Toyota Prius Hybrid

Other Innovations
Types

Volvo X4 and V4 four-point seatbelts

Impact of New Technologies

Is operation likely to lead to, or reduce, injury, theft or emissions (machine factors)?
Protection of occupants Ability to stop and manoeuvre (includes reliability and failure mode) Compatibility with other vehicles/infrastructure. Resistance to theft Quantity and/or type of emissions

Is Human Machine Interface likely to lead to, or reduce, injury (human factors)?
Ability of driver to operate effectively (operation, distraction) Clarity of operation between different systems

Impact of New Technologies

Improved Performance Technology that improves the
performance of a vehicular system with new features or better outputs. Typical examples are traction control or intelligent airbags Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) is a major grouping of technologies of this type

Improved Design Technology that serves essentially the same

purpose but operates in a very different way (eg mechanical systems replaced by electrical/electronic systems). Typical examples are steer-by-wire or LED lamps

WP.29 (ITS)
Recognise the challenge to identify an appropriate regulatory response Need for global systems Identify that ITS is not just about vehicle engineering with a need to consider the interaction between the driver and the technology through Human Machine Interface (HMI) factors

ITS Information Collection

Positives Assists driver with information / entertainment Provide information to support infrastructure Passive safety devices Negatives Potential for driver distraction (visual and cognitive) Issues of remote location of vehicles (privacy & control) Issues Format of information collection Electromagnetic Compatibility Link between vehicles and infrastructure (eg. protocols)

ITS Information Collection

Existing Regulations/Standards:
Visual Display Units
ADR 42 and ECE RE3E (Annex 16) Guidelines

Electro-magnetic Compatibility (EMC)

ECE 10

On Board Diagnostics
ADR 79/.. and 80/..

Electronic Identification
ISO CD 24534 Automatic vehicle and equipment identification Electronic Registration Identification (ERI) for vehicles

Adaptive Cruise Control

ADR 65 and ECE 89 Speed Limiter (unable to use brakes)

Lane Keep Support

ECE 79 (Draft) Control of driver and safety mode

ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support

Positives
Provides useful navigation information to the driver Enhances the quality of information to the driver (i.e. visual) Warn the driver of potentially dangerous situations to allow the driver to avoid/mitigate Avoiding high-risk areas (toll-booths, crash etc) Better response in crash

Negatives
Driver distraction through increased demand on attention or information overload Driver over-confidence on warning systems altering safe driving behaviour Reduced situation awareness from consistent falsealarms/too sensitive systems Command effect

Issues
Warning devices for when system nonoperational/impaired Reliability of systems Control safeguards for driver to wrest control Infrastructure/vehicle compatibility Effect on other drivers Format of warnings (visual/audio)

ITS Driving Assistance - Information Support

Existing Regulations/Standards:
Visibility Assistance:
ECE 48 Lighting

Navigation Systems:
ADR 42 Visual display units ECE RE3E (Annex 16) Guidelines ISO/TC22/SC13/WG8 Human Machine Interface Lane Change Systems
ISO/CD 17387 Intelligent Transport Systems - Lane Change Decision Aid Systems: Performance requirements and tests procedure

ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control

Positives
Improves driver comfort through automatic control of driving functions (eg. ACC) Increased safety through reduced number of accidents (ESC research) Reduction in probability/severity of injury in crash

Negatives
Driver overtrust/over-confidence altering from normal safe driving patterns Driver confusion when emergency control taken Liability

Issues
System causing excessive brake wearing Ability/reliability/ease of driver to over-ride automatic control Discrimination of a potential crash (worst-case) Warning devices for when system nonoperational/impaired Reliability of automatic control (e.g. LKS in the rain, 2nd gen. airbags) Failure mode

ITS Driving Assistance - Assistance for Control

Existing Regulations/Standards:
Electronic Stability Control and Emergency Brake Assist
ECE 13H (Annex 8) Complex Electronic Controls

Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS)

ADR 31/01 (ECE 13H Annex 6) Tests for ABS ECE 13 (Annex 13) Warning systems for ABS

Adaptive Cruise Control

ADR 65 & ECE 89 Speed Limiter (unable to use brakes) Lane Keep Support ECE 79 (draft) Control of driver and safety mode

ITS Automatic Drive

Positives Increase efficiency of route selection, engine management, emissions, etc. Negatives Legal Responsibility of the driver is replaced by the automatic drive system Issues Currently specifically excluded in regulation
Warning devices for when system nonoperational/impaired Reliability of systems Failure mode

ITS Automatic Drive

Existing Regulations/Standards:
ECE 79 (draft) Control of driver and safety mode
specifically excludes systems in which control of the vehicle is taken away from the driver

Alternative Control
Positives Advances in vehicle performance, safety, comfort, weight, cost Allows for greater system integration Dramatic change to interior design possibilities Negatives Driver unfamiliarity Perceived risk of transferring from a direct mechanical linkage Issues
Warning devices for when system nonoperational/impaired Reliability of systems Failure mode

Alternative Control
Existing Regulations/Standards:

Alternative Steering Mechanisms:

ECE 35 Uniform Provisions Concerning The Approval Of Vehicles With Regard To The Arrangement Of Foot Controls

Steer-by-wire:
ECE 79 (draft)

Brake-by-wire:
ECE 13H

Other Innovations
Positives Advances in vehicle performance, safety, comfort, weight, efficiency, cost Negatives Driver unfamiliarity (where applicable) Issues
Performance Warning devices for when system nonoperational/impaired Reliability of systems Failure mode

Other Innovations
Existing Regulations/Standards:

Alternative Fuel Systems:

FMVSS 305 Electric-Powered Vehicles: Electrolyte Spillage and Electrical Shock Protection

ADR 31/01 and ECE 13H Provision for electrical regenerative braking

Summary
Evolution of safety technology New technologies:
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) Alternative Control Other Innovations

Impact of new technologies WP.29 Positives, negatives, issues and existing regulation

Discussion

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