T ong cat nguon trong cac s o noi at

Bao ve chong cham ien gian tiep

Qui nh cua cac nc oi vi mang ha ap bat buoc hoac nhan manh viec lap at nhng thiet b bao ve chong cham ien gian tiep. Cac bien phap bao ve la: - t ong cat nguon (s co iem th nhat hoac th hai, phu thuoc vao cach noi at cua he thong); - cac bien phap rieng biet khac c ap dung tuy tng trng

hp.

Bao ve chong cham ien gian tiep

Cac phan kim loai (vo thiet b) c s dung trong cau truc cua cac thiet b ien, tuy nhien chung khong phai la mot phan trong mach ien cua thiet b. Cac phan kim loai nay c cach ly khoi phan mang ien bang cac lp cach ien c ban. Khi cac lp cach ien nay b pha hong, cac phan kim loai noi tren se mang ien.

Tiep xuc vi phan kim loai cua cac thiet b ien a b cham do
hong cach ien c coi la cham ien gian tiep.

Bao ve chong cham ien gian tiep

Nhieu bien phap thch hp khac nhau c s dung bao ve chong moi nguy hiem nay bao gom:

a. T ong cat nguon cung cap cho thiet b b cham vo

b. Co nhng bien phap ac biet nh: s dung vat lieu cach ien cap II hay mot cap cach ien tng tng.

lam cho cac ni at thiet b ien thanh khong dan ien at thiet b ien ngoai
tam tay vi hoac co rao chan gia cac v tr. tao li ang the. tao cach ly ve ien bang cac bien ap cach ly.

Bao ve chong cham ien gian tiep t ong cat nguon

Bao ve chong nguy hiem do cham ien gian tiep bang cach cat nguon cung cap co the thc hien c neu cac vo kim loai cua cac thiet b ien c noi at ung.

TT, TN, IT ?

Bao ve chong cham ien gian tiep t ong cat nguon

Nguyen tac: Bien phap bao ve nay phu thuoc vao 2 yeu cau can ban: - viec noi at cua tat ca vo kim loai cua cac thiet b tren mang va ket cau cua li ang the;

- t ong cat phan mang ien co lien quan, sao cho cac yeu cau ve an toan ien ap tiep xuc /thi gian an toan tng ng vi mc ien ap tiep xuc UC c tuan thu.

Bao ve chong cham ien gian tiep t ong cat nguon

ien ap tiep xuc Utx la ien ap ton tai (do hau qua cua h hong cach ien) gia vo kim loai cua thiet b va bat ky vat dan ien khac trong tam tay vi co ien the khac.

Bao ve chong cham ien gian tiep t ong cat nguon

Trong van hanh, thi gian cat va viec chon s o bao ve phu thuoc vao loai he thong noi at co lien quan nh TT, TN hay IT. Thi gian cat ti han: t cat ti han c xac nh phu thuoc ien ap tiep xuc cho phep . Hau het cac a phng eu chap nhan ien ap tiep xuc cho phep la 50V. oi khi tr nay la 25V.

Bao ve chong cham ien gian tiep t ong cat nguon

Bao ve chong cham ien gian tiep t ong cat nguon

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TT

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TT c thc hien co hieu qua

nh cac RCD (residual current device) co o nhay:

RA: ien tr ien cc noi at cua mang In: Dong ien so lech tac ong nh mc * Trong vai trng hp co the la 25 V (oi vi bao ve thc hien co tnh cach

tam thi (v du cac cong trng) va khu vc nong nghiep, lam vn..)

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TT

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TT

Tong tr cua mach vong s co cham at bao gom chu yeu ca hai
loai ien cc noi at mac noi tiep (cua nguon va cua mang ien). V vay bien o cua dong ien cham at thng qua nho e cac CB hoac cau ch co the tac ong kp thi. Do o viec s dung cac rle so lech e bao ve la can thiet .

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TT

V du:ien tr noi at trung tnh cua tram la Rn=10 .ien tr noi at cua mang RA
=20. Dong ien cham at: Id=7,7A. ien ap tiep xuc: UC = RA.Id= 7,7x20=154V va
ay la tr so nguy hiem. Dong so lech:

RCD tieu chuan 300mA se tac ong sau 30ms e cat nguon khi ien ap tiep xuc la 50V. Vay khi xuat hien UC > 50V phan b cham vo, cac thiet b nay se tac

ong cat nguon mot cach chac chan.

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TT

Thi gian cat cua cac RCD thng nho hn nh a c mo ta trong hau het cac tieu chuan quoc gia. Tnh chat nay thch hp cho viec s dung chung va cho phep dung cac s o phoi hp bao ve hu hieu. RCD la ten thong dung cua tat ca cac thiet b bao ve lam viec theo nguyen ly dong ro. RCCB
(*)

(CB t ong cat theo dong ro (residual current circuit

breaker)) c mo ta trong tieu chuan IEC 1008 la mot loai ac trng cua RCD.

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TT

Loai G (thong thng) va loai S (chon loc) co ac tuyen thi gian cat /dong ien c cho bang. Nhng ac tuyen nay cho phep am bao mot mc o cat co chon loc khi phoi hp bao ve cua cac CB.

Thi gian cat ln nhat cua cac RCCB

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TT

! Chu y: t CB (Circuit breaker) RCD FIN khong co ngha la cac RCCB co the cat c dong ngan mach.

Muon cat c dong ngan mach,

RCD phai s dung RCBO (O co ngha la qua dong) Model:CIP

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TN

Nguyen tac cua s o noi at kieu TN la nham am bao dong cham
at u e cac thiet b bao ve qua dong tac ong (cat trc tiep, CB bao ve qua dong va cac cau ch) v vay:

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TN

Trong tat ca cac mang kieu TN, nhng s co cham at do choc thung cach ien se dan en ngan mach pha - at (trung tnh). Dong s co ln lam n gian hoa cac yeu cau ve bao ve nhng co the lam tang cao ien ap tiep xuc qua 50% ien ap pha-trung tnh tai cho xay ra s co keo dai suot khoang thi gian trc khi cat s co.

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TN

V vay, trong thc te, cac ien cc noi at thng at cach khoang doc day trung tnh cua mang cung cap, trong khi o, tai cac ho tieu thu can phai lap at cac cc noi at tai cho at tu ien. oi vi cac mang cung cap ln, cac ien cc noi at bo sung thng c lap at e giam Utxuc ti mc co the. chung c cao tang, cac bo phan noi at t nhien se c noi at vi day bao ve moi tang.

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TN

e am bao bao ve hieu qua, dong cham at Id phai am bao ieu kien:

U0 la ien ap pha- trung tnh nh mc. Zs: Tong tr mach vong cham at ma dong cham at chay qua bang tong cua cac tong tr sau: nguon, day dan pha ti cho xay ra s co, day bao ve t iem xay ra s co ti nguon. Zc: Tong tr vong s co

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TN

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TN

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TN

Chu y: co mot vai tai lieu tnh trng hp cham vo tren da vao gia thiet cho rang ien ap ri khoang 20% tren tong tr mach vong BANE. Theo phng phap qui c, dong s co c tnh nh sau:

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TN

Thi gian cat toi a cho phep oi vi mang noi at kieu TN, thi gian cat nguon cho phep toi a phu thuoc vao ien ap nh mc cua he thong.
Thi gian cho phep la mot ham phu thuoc vao ien ap nh mc phaat hay ien ap pha trung tnh trong mang noi at kieu TN.

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TN

Khi gii han ien ap qui c cho phep la 25V, thi gian cat cho phep: oi vi 127V 0,2s oi vi 230V 0,05s oi vi 400V

0,35s

Neu phan t c xet la phan t cuoi, nhng thi gian cat neu tren de dang at c bang cach s dung cac RCD.

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TN

Bao ve bang cach s dung CB

Neu mang c bao ve bang CB, ieu nay se de dang cho viec ieu chnh sao cho
dong s co vt qua dong at cua bo tac ong cat tc thi hoac cat co thi gian tre ngan (dong Im).

* theo phng phap qui c

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TN

Cat nguon bang CB oi vi mang noi at kieu TN 1: Cat tc thi

2: Cat co tre trong khoang thi gian ngan.

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TN

Bo tac ong kieu tc thi cua CB se loai bo dong ngan mach pha-at sau thi gian nho hn 0,1s. Ngoai ra, khi Ia = Im , cac bo tac ong co thi gian tre tac ong bang t hay ien t, se am bao t ong cat nguon vi khoang thi gian cho phep toi a.

e am bao cat s co trong khoang thi gian cho phep, can am bao ieu kien
dong s co tnh toan Uo/ Zs hay 0.8U0/ZC phai ln hn dong at cat tc thi hoac ln hn mc ngng cua ac tuyen t=f(I).

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TN

Bao ve bang cau ch Ia co the c xac nh t ac tuyen cua cau ch. Trong bat ky trng hp nao viec bao ve khong the thc hien c neu tong tr vong
Cat bang cau ch oi vi mang TN

s co Zs hay Zc vt qua mot gia tr nao o.

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TN

Bao ve bang cau ch Gia tr dong nham am bao cau ch tac ong ung co the c xac nh t ac tuyen dong ien / thi gian cua cau ch c s dung. Dong s co Uo/Zs hay 0,8Uo/Zc nh a tnh tren phai ln hn gia tr dong can thiet nham am bao cau ch tac ong chac chan. ieu kien can khao sat la:

T ong cat nguon oi vi mang noi at kieu TN

Bao ve bang cau ch V du: ien ap nh mc pha-trung tnh cua mang la 230V va thi gian cat toi a cho tren o th la 0,4s. Gia tr Ia tng ng co the oc c t o th. Tong tr mach vong ngan mach co the tnh t Ia va gia tr ien ap 230V nh sau:

Tong tr mach vong thc te khong the vt qua gia tr nay va nen co gia tr be

hn e am bao cau ch hoat ong ung.

T ong cat nguon khi b cham at tai 2 iem oi vi mang noi at kieu IT
Cham at iem th nhat

Trong s o mang kieu IT can chu y rang lan cham at iem th nhat se
khong gay ra tac ong cat nguon. Khi xay ra cham at mot iem, dong s co rat nho, v vay Id x RA < 50V va khong gay nen ien ap tiep xuc nguy hiem. Thc te dong Id la rat nho, no khong e doa ngi s dung cung khong anh hng ti thiet b.

Thiet b giam sat cach ien trong mang IT

T ong cat nguon khi b cham at tai 2 iem oi vi mang noi at kieu IT
Cham at iem th nhat - can thng xuyen theo doi ieu kien cach ien so vi at, phai bao tn hieu (bang am thanh hoac en chp) khi xay ra cham at iem th nhat; - can nhanh chong xac nh iem b cham at va tien hanh sa cha neu muon he thong noi at kieu IT lam viec trong che o hoan toan tin cay; - mang IT con cho phep tiep tuc cung cap ien khi b cham at iem th nhat, ay la mot u iem ln so vi cac he thong khac.

T ong cat nguon khi b cham at tai 2 iem oi vi mang noi at kieu IT
Cham at iem th nhat

ng i cua dong s co khi co cham at iem th nhat trong mang noi at kieu IT

T ong cat nguon khi b cham at tai 2 iem oi vi mang noi at kieu IT
V du: Mang co day dan dai 1km, dung khang so vi at Zf =3500. Khi lam viec
bnh thng (khong b s co) dong ien dung ro(*) xuong at la:

Khi xay ra s co mot pha cham at, dong ien chay qua ien tr noi at RnA la
tong vect cua dong ien dung tren cac pha khong b s co. ien ap cua cac pha khong b s co (do khi xay ra mot pha cham at) b tang len luc bnh thng, do o dong ien dung cung tang len qua cc noi at RnA = 3x66mA=198mA . 3 ien ap tiep xuc v vay se la 198 x 5 x1e-3 = 0,99V << Ucp va khong nguy hiem cho ngi. lan so vi Upha- at lan tng ng. Nhng

vec t dong ien dung nay lech pha nhau v vay khi cong cac vect, gia tr dong i 3

T ong cat nguon khi b cham at tai 2 iem oi vi mang noi at kieu IT
Cham at iem th nh

Xuat hien ong thi hai iem cham at mot luc (tren hai pha khac nhau) la nguy
hiem , can cat nhanh s co bang cau ch hay CB phu thuoc vao kieu noi at cu the

va co hay khong co cac ien cc noi at rieng.

T ong cat nguon khi b cham at tai 2 iem oi vi mang noi at kieu IT
Cham at iem th nh

Trng hp 1: khi tat ca phan vo dan ien cua cac thiet b c noi at ti day
PE chung, cac s o bao ve qua dong thong thng c s dung (giong trong mang noi at kieu TN) vi viec tnh toan mc dong s co va thi gian cat /thi gian chay cua cau ch mot cach thch hp.

T ong cat nguon khi b cham at tai 2 iem oi vi mang noi at kieu IT

Cham at iem th nh Khi mang co tat ca cac vo thiet b c noi trc tiep ti day PE chung nh tren hnh, cac ien cc noi at khong nam trong ng i cua dong cham hai iem cung mot luc , v vay dong s co se at gia tr ln va cac thiet b bao ve qua dong thong thng _ CB va cau ch _ se c s dung.

T ong cat nguon khi b cham at tai 2 iem oi vi mang noi at kieu IT
Cham at iem th nh

CB tac ong khi xay ra cham at iem th nh trong trng hp cac vo may b cham ien c mac vao day bao ve chung.

T ong cat nguon khi b cham at tai 2 iem oi vi mang noi at kieu IT
Cham at iem th nh Khi he thong gom day trung tnh va ba day pha, dong ngan mach nho nhat xay ra khi mot trong hai iem cham at la t day trung tnh xuong at (ca bon day nay eu cach ien so vi at trong tnh trang noi at kieu IT).V vay trong mang noi at kieu IT co 4 day, khi tnh dong ngan mach e xac nh cac mc bao ve, phai tnh vi ien ap pha-trung tnh.
U0 ien ap pha-trung tnh
Zc tong tr mach vong s co Ia: tr so dong at cua bo tac ong

T ong cat nguon khi b cham at tai 2 iem oi vi mang noi at kieu IT
Cham at iem th nh Neu khong co day trung tnh, ien ap c dung e tnh dong s co la Upha-pha Ngha la:

T ong cat nguon khi b cham at tai 2 iem oi vi mang noi at kieu IT
Thi gian chay-cau ch / thi gian cat s co Thi gian cat s co oi vi mang 3 pha 3 day s o IT khac so vi s o 3 pha 4 day theo s o IT va c cho trong bang.

Thi gian cat s co ln nhat oi vi mang noi at kieu IT (IEC364-4-41)

T ong cat nguon khi b cham at tai 2 iem oi vi mang noi at kieu IT
Thi gian chay-cau ch / thi gian cat s co Khi ien ap qui c la 25V, thi gian cat s co nh sau: Mang 3 pha-3 day: 127/220V 230/400V 400/690V 0,4s 0,2s 0,06s

Mang 3 pha 4 day 127/220V 230/400V 400/690V 1,0s 0,5s 0,2s

T ong cat nguon khi b cham at tai 2 iem oi vi mang noi at kieu IT
Trng hp th hai Khi vo cac may moc, thiet b c noi at oc lap hoac rieng tng nhom, moi thiet b hoac moi nhom phai c bao ve bang mot RCD. Ly do cua viec at them cac RCD la khi cac ien cc noi at oc lap ket noi qua at, dong ngan mach pha-pha thng b gii han khi i qua cac ien tr noi at, ieu nay lam cho cac bao ve qua dong ln lam viec khong tin cay. Cac RCD co o nhay cao hn nen se tac ong chac chan hn, trng hp nay cac RCD phai co dong at ln hn dong cham at iem th nhat .

T ong cat nguon khi b cham at tai 2 iem oi vi mang noi at kieu IT

S dung cac RCD khi cac vo may c noi at oc lap, hoac theo tng nhom tren mang noi at kieu IT.