Cost Volume Profit Analysis

Jeff Jamail is evaluating a business opportunity to sell cookware at trade shows. Mr. Jamail can buy the cookware at a wholesale cost of $210 per set. He plans to sell the cookware for $350 per set. He estimates fixed costs such as plane fare, booth rental cost, and lodging to be $5,600 per trade show.
How many cookware sets must Mr. Jamail sell in order to breakeven?

Cost-Volume-Profit Relationship
There are 3 methods to analyze: (1.) Contribution Margin per Unit (2.) Contribution Ratio (3.) Equation Method

NOTE: Each method yields the same results.

Cost-Plus Pricing Strategy

It sets prices at cost plus a mark-up For example:
Product cost $20 to make Mgmt decides to mark-up 30% Selling Price = $20 + ($20 * 30%) = $26

Break-Even Point
Point where Total Revenue = Total Costs Break-even Volume in Units =

Fixed Costs / Contribution Margin per Unit

Once fixed costs have been covered, net income will increase per unit contribution margin for each additional unit sold

Determining the Break-even Point

Bright Day produces one produce called Delatine. The company uses a cost-plus-pricing strategy; it sets prices at cost plus a markup of 50% of cost. Delatine cost $24 per bottle to manufacture, so a bottle sells for $36 ($24 + [50% $24]). The contribution margin per bottle is:
Sales revenue per bottle Variable cost per bottle Contribution margin per bottle $ 36 24 $ 12

The companys first concern is if can sell enough bottles of Delatine to cover it fixed costs and make a profit!

Determining the Break-even Point

The break-even point is the point where total revenue equals total costs (both variable and fixed). For Bright Day, the cost of advertising is estimated to be $60,000. Advertising costs are the fixed costs of the company. We use the following formula to determine the break-even point in units. Break-even Fixed costs = volume in units Contribution margin per unit = $60,000 = 5,000 units $12

Determining the Break-even Point

For Delatine, the break-even point in sales dollars is $180,000 (5,000 bottles $36 selling price).

Determining the Break-even Point

Once all fixed costs have been covered (5,000 bottles sold), net income will increase by $12 per unit

contribution margin.

Revenue @ $36 Variable Expenses @ $24 Contribution Margin @$12 Fixed Expenses Net Income

4,998 $ 179,928 (119,952) 59,976 (60,000) $ (24)

Number of Units Sold 4,999 5,000 5,001 $ 179,964 $ 180,000 $ 180,036 (119,976) (120,000) (120,024) 59,988 60,000 60,012 (60,000) (60,000) (60,000) $ (12) $ $ 12

5,002 $ 180,072 (120,048) 60,024 (60,000) $ 24

$12 What will be the increase in net income if units sold increase from 5,000 units to $5,600 units?

Determining the Break-even Point

What will be the increase in net income if units sold increase from 5,000 units to $5,600 units?
New Units Sold Previous Units Sold Increase in Units Sold Contribution Margin Per Unit Increase in Income 5,600 5,000 600 $ 12 $ 7,200

Revenue @ $36 Variable Expenses @ $24 Contribution Margin @$12 Fixed Expenses Net Income

Number of Units Sold 5,000 5,600 $ 180,000 $ 201,600 (120,000) (134,400) 60,000 67,200 (60,000) (60,000) $ $ 7,200

Reaching a Target Profit Level

Bright Days president wants the advertising campaign to produce profits of $40,000 to the company. Break-even Fixed costs + Desired profit = volume in units Contribution margin per unit $60,000 + $40,000 $12

= 8,333.33 units

Reaching a Target Profit Level

At $36 per unit selling price, the sales dollars are equal to $300,000, as shown below:
Income 8,333.33 $ 300,000 (200,000) 100,000 (60,000) $ 40,000

Units sold Revenue @ $36 Variable Expenses @ $24 Contribution Margin @$12 Fixed Expenses Net Income

Check Yourself
Matrix, Inc. manufactures one model of lawnmower the sells for $175 each. Variable expenses to produce the lawnmower are $100 per unit. Total fixed costs are $225,000 per month, and management wants to earn a profit in the coming month of $37,500. Matrix must sell the following number of lawnmowers: 1. 3,000. 2. 3,500. 3. 4,000. 4. 4,500. $225,000 + $37,500 = 3,500 $75

Effects of Changes in Sales Price

The Marketing Department at Bright Day suggests that a price drop from $36 per bottle to $28 per bottle will make Delatine a more attractive product to sell. The president wants to know what such a price drop would have on the companys stated goal of producing a $40,000 profit. You have been asked to determine the number of bottles that must be sold to earn the $40,000 profit at the new $28 selling price per bottle. See if you can provide an answer to the president before going to the next screen!

Effects of Changes in Sales Price

Step 1
New Selling Price Per Bottle $ 28 Variable Expenses Per Bottle 24 New Contribution Margin $ 4

Step 2 Break-even Fixed costs + Desired profit = volume in units Contribution margin per unit

Step3 $60,000 + $40,000 = = 25,000 units $4

Effects of Changes in Sales Price

The required sales volume in dollars is $700,000 (25,000 units $28 per bottle) as shown below:
Units sold Revenue @ $28 Variable Expenses @ $24 Contribution Margin @$4 Fixed Expenses Net Income Income 25,000 $ 700,000 (600,000) 100,000 (60,000) $ 40,000

Target Costing
1. Determine the market price at which product will sell
This is the Target Price

2. Must develop the product at a cost that will enable company to be profitable selling the product at the target price
This is known as
TARGET COSTING

Changes in Variable Costs

Bright Day is considering an alternative mixture for Delatine along with new packaging. This new product would sell for $28 per bottle and have a variable cost per bottle of $12. The president is not in favor of the new product but wants to know how many units must be sold to produce the desired profit of $40,000. You have been asked to determine the units that must be sold and the total sales revenue that will be produced!

Changes in Variable Costs

Step 1
New Selling Price Per Bottle $ 28 Variable Expenses Per Bottle 12 New Contribution Margin $ 16

Step 2 Break-even Fixed costs + Desired profit = volume in units Contribution margin per unit

Step3 $60,000 + $40,000 = $16

= 6,250 units

Changes in Variable Costs

At $28 per unit selling price, the sales dollars are equal to $175,000 as shown below:
Income 6,250 $ 175,000 (75,000) 100,000 (60,000) $ 40,000

Units sold Revenue @ $28 Variable Expenses @ $12 Contribution Margin @$16 Fixed Expenses Net Income

Changes in Fixed Costs

Bright Days president has asked you to determine the required sales volume if advertising costs were reduced to $30,000, from the planned level of $60,000. Break-even $30,000 + $40,000 = volume (units) $16 = 4,375 units

Units sold Revenue @ $28 Variable Expenses @ $12 Contribution Margin @$16 Fixed Expenses Net Income

Income 4,375 $ 122,500 (52,500) 70,000 (30,000) $ 40,000

Calculating the Margin of Safety

The margin of safety measures the cushion between budgeted sales and the break-even point. It quantifies the amount by which actual sales can fall short of expectations before the company will begin to incur losses. With a selling price of $28 per unit and variable costs of $12 per unit, and a desired profit of $40,000, budgeted sales were: Break-even $30,000 + $40,000 = volume (units) $16 = 4,375 units

Break-even unit sales assuming no profit would be: Break-even = volume (units) $30,000 = 1,875 units $16

Calculating the Margin of Safety

Budgeted sales Break-even sales Margin of safety In Units 4,375 (1,875) 2,500 In Dollars $ 122,500 (52,500) $ 70,000

Management considers a new product, Delatine that has a sales price of $36 and variable costs of $24 per bottle. Fixed costs are $60,000. Breakeven is 5,000 units.

Management want to earn a $40,000 profit on Delatine. The sales volume to achieve this profit level is 8,334 bottles sold.

Marketing advocates a target price of $28 per bottle. The sales volume required to earn a $40,000 profit increases to 25,000 bottles.

Target costing is employed to reengineer the product and reduces variable cost per unit to $12. To earn the desired profit of $40,000, sales volume decreases to 6,250 units.

Target costing is applied and fixed costs are reduced to $30,000. The sales volume to earn the desired $40,000 profit is 4,375 units.

Decrease in Sales Price with an Increase in Sales Volume

The marketing manager believes reducing the sales price per bottle to $25 will increase sales volume by 625 units. Previous sales volume was: Break-even $30,000 + $40,000 = volume (units) $16 Anticipated changes:
In Dollars
In 4,375 625 5,000

= 4,375 units

New selling price Variable costs per unit Contribution margin

$ 25 (12) $ 13

Previous units sold Additional units sold Expected sales volume

Decrease in Sales Price with an Increase in Sales Volume

Current Situation
Units sold Revenue @ $28 Variable Expenses @ $12 Contribution Margin @$16 Fixed Expenses Net Income Income 4,375 $ 122,500 (52,500) 70,000 (30,000) $ 40,000

Because budgeted income will fall by $5,000, the proposal should be rejected!
Income 5,000 $ 125,000 (60,000) 65,000 (30,000) $ 35,000

Proposed Situation
Units sold Revenue @ $25 Variable Expenses @ $12 Contribution Margin @$13 Fixed Expenses Net Income

Increased in Fixed Costs and Increase in Sales Volume

After the previous project was rejects, the advertising manager believes that buying an additional $12,000 in advertising can increase sales volume to 6,000 units. The contribution margin will remain at $16. Should the company buy the additional advertising?

Profit = Contribution margin Fixed cost Profit = (6,000 $16) $42,000 = $54,000 Current Situation
Units sold Revenue @ $28 Variable Expenses @ $12 Contribution Margin @$16 Fixed Expenses Net Income Income 4,375 $ 122,500 (52,500) 70,000 (30,000) $ 40,000

Proposed Situation
Units sold Revenue @ $28 Variable Expenses @ $12 Contribution Margin @$16 Fixed Expenses Net Income Income 6,000 $ 168,000 (72,000) 96,000 (42,000) $ 54,000

Change in Several Variables

Management has been able to reduce variable costs to $8 per bottle and decides to reduce the selling price per bottle to $25 (so the contribution margin is now $17). Further, management believes that if advertising is cut to $22,000, the company can still expect sales volume to be 4,200 units. Should management adopt this plan?

Change in Several Variables

Profit = Contribution margin Fixed cost
Profit = (4,200 $17) $22,000 = $49,400
Current Situation
Units sold Revenue @ $28 Variable Expenses @ $12 Contribution Margin @$16 Fixed Expenses Net Income Income 4,375 $ 122,500 (52,500) 70,000 (30,000) $ 40,000

Proposed Situation
Units sold Revenue @ $25 Variable Expenses @ $8 Contribution Margin @$17 Fixed Expenses Net Income Income 4,200 $ 105,000 (33,600) 71,400 (22,000) $ 49,400

Contribution Margin Ratio

The contribution margin ratio is the contribution margin divided by sales, computed using either total figures or per unit figures. Here is the total dollar, per unit and contribution margin (CM) ratio for Bright Day when sales volume is 5,000 bottles.
Total $ 180,000 (120,000) 60,000 (60,000) $ Per Unit $ 36 24 $ 12 CM Ratio 100.00% 66.67% 33.33%

Revenue Variable Expenses Contribution Margin Fixed Expenses Net Income

Contribution Margin Ratio Approach

= Contribution Margin / Sales 1st Identify Contribution Margin
$60,000

2nd Identify Sales

$180,000

= $60,000 / $180,000 = 0.33

What does this Ratio mean?

Ratio means that every dollar of sales provides $0.33 to cover Fixed Costs After Fixed Costs are covered Each $1 provides $0.33 of profit

Contribution Margin Ratio

Bright Day is considering the introduction of a new product called Multi Minerals. Here is some per unit information about Multi Minerals:
Sales revenue per unit Variable cost per unit Contribution margin per unit $ 20 12 $ 8 100% 60% 40%

Bright Day expects to incur $24,000 in fixed marketing costs in connection with Multi Minerals. Lets look at the calculation of the break-even point in units and dollars.

Contribution Margin Ratio

Break-even in Units
Fixed costs CM per unit

Break-even in Dollars
Fixed costs CM ratio

$24,000 = 3,000 units $8

$24,000 = $60,000 40%

Contribution Margin Ratio

Break-even in Units Fixed costs + Desired profit CM per unit Break-even in Dollars Fixed costs + Desired profit CM ratio

Bright Day desires to earn a profit of $8,000 on the sale of Multi Minerals
$24,000 + $8,000 = 4,000 units $8 $24,000 + $8,000 = $80,000 40%

The Equation Method

At the break-even point:
Sales = Variable cost + Fixed cost
We can look at the above equation like this:
Selling price per unit Number of units sold = Variable cost per unit Unmber of units sold + Fixed cost

The Equation Method

Lets use our information from Multi Minerals to solve the equation for the number of units sold.
$ 20 $ 8 Units Units Units = = = $ 12 Units $ 24,000 3,000 + $ 24,000

If we want to consider the desired profit of $8,000 the solution would be:
$ 20 $ 8 Units Units Units = = = $ 12 Units $ 32,000 4,000 + $ 32,000

Check Yourself
Matrix, Inc. manufactures one model of lawnmower the sells for $175 each. Variable expenses to produce the lawnmower are $100 per unit. Total fixed costs are $225,000 per month, and management wants to earn a profit in the coming month of $37,500. Use the equation method to determine how many lawnmowers Matrix must sell next month: 1. 3,000.

2. 3,500.
3. 4,000. 4. 4,500.

$ 175 Units = $ 75 Units = Units =

$ 100 Units + $ 262,500 $ 262,500 3,500

Weighted-Average Contribution Margin per Unit

In the real world, a company is selling more than one product
Unit Selling Price Unit Variable Cost Unit Fixed Cost Total Units Sold Product A $ 100 40 20 10,000 Product B $ 200 60 30 20,000

 Step 1: Find the CM for each

Product A = 100 40 = 60/unit Product B = 200 60 = 140/unit

Step 2: Find the total # of units sold

10,000 + 20,000 = 30,000

Step 3: Find the % sold of each product

Product A = 10,000 / 30,000 = 33% Product B = 20,000 / 30,000 = 67%

Step 4: Find the Weighted CM

Product A = $ 60 * 33% = $19.80 / unit Product B = $ 140 * 67% = $93.80 / unit Total CM = $19.80 + $93.80 = $113.60 / unit