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CHEMICAL BONDS

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Tendency of Atoms to Form a Bond

Among of the all elements there are in

this nature, only group VIII A (noble gas) elements representing the most stable element (difficult to form a compound)

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Why are the noble gas elements difficult to react and represent the most stable elements among other elements? CAN YOU EXPLAIN IT ?

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Electron configuration the elements of noble gas

Period Element
1 2 3 4 5 6 He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn

Atomic number 2
10 18 36 54 86

K
2 2 2 2 2 2

L M N O P

8 8 8 8 18 8 8 18 18 8 8 18 32 18 8

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Based on the electron configuration of the noble gas elements, we can to see generally the electron configuration of the noble gas elements have 8 valence electrons, except helium element having 2 valence electrons.

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Lewis and Kossel express that the noble gas elements have the octet configuration (8 valence electrons), except that helium element having duplet configuration ( 2 valence electrons)

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So.. The noble gas elements difficult to react and represent the most stable elements among other elements

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Lewis-Kossels Principle

Valence electrons or the electrons on the outermost of an atom have the important role in the chemical bond formation The bond formed because of the one or more electron displace from an atom to the other atoms bound

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The bond formed because of the two bonded atoms use the pairs of electrons collectively The transfer or using of the pairs of electrons occurs in such a manner, so that concerned atoms have the more stable electron configuration (like electron configuration of the noble gas elements)

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Lewis Symbol and Structure

Lewis symbol made by writing down symbol of the atom and encircled by dots or lines expressing the number of valence electron of the atom

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Lewis Symbol for Group A elements

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IONIC BOND

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF IONIC BOND?

IONIC BOND

Ionic bond is a chemical bond that is created during the formation of a compound by transfer of one or more electron from one atom to another resulting oppositely charged ions being held together by attraction The ionic bond is also called as electrovalent bond Ionic bond is a chemical bond that happened between metal and non metal

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Ionic Bond In NaCl

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IONIC BOND IN NaCl

IONIC BOND

The Ionic Bond In NaCl

IONIC BOND
THE ILLUSTRATION OF IONIC BONDING

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How the bond between 20Ca atom with 9F atom can form CaF2 in ionic bond?
CAN YOU EXPLAIN IT ?

IONIC BOND
The example in the formation of ionic compounds:

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EXERCISES

1. Element atom of A has the electron configuration of 2, 8, 2 and element atom of B has the electron configuration of 2, 7 . The compound from combination of the both atoms is
A. B. C. D. E. AB AB2 A2B A2B2 A2B3

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Properties of Ionic Compounds ????

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1. Have a high relative boiling point and melting point. 2. At room temperature commonly have the solid form ( salt crystal) 3. In the form of solid (crystal) they have characteristic as insulator , while in their meltage have characteristic as conductor 4. Soluble in polar solvents, such as water and soluble less in organic solvents, such as alcohol, eter, etc

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COVALENT BOND
What is the meaning of Covalent Bond ??? CAN YOU EXPLAIN IT ?

COVALENT BOND

The Illustration

COVALENT BOND

Covalent Bond is a chemical bond when two atoms share a pair of electrons. Some example of covalent bond: H2, HBr, HCl, Cl2, CH4, etc

COVALENT BOND

The Covalent Bond

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Kinds of Covalent Bond Single Covalent Bond Double Covalent Bond Triple Covalent Bond

COVALENT BOND

The covalent bond in which one pair of electrons is shared is called a single bond e.g., H : Cl or HCl
Double bonds have two shared pairs of electrons

Triple bonds have three shared pairs of electrons

EOS

COVALENT BOND
Single bond: A covalent bond formed by sharing one electron pair. Double bond: A covalent bond formed by sharing two electron pairs. Triple bond: A covalent bond formed by sharing three electron pairs. Just as a single bond is represented by a single line between atoms, a double bond is represented by two lines between atoms and a triple bond by three lines.

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Properties of Covalent Compounds ????

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1. Have a small relative boiling point and melting point. 2. At room temperature they are in gases or liquids form. 3. In the form of solid and liquids, the covalent compounds are insulators 4. Covalent compounds are soluble less in polar solvents, but soluble in non-polar solvents or organic solvents

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POLAR COVALENT BOND (Example: HCl, HF, HBr, HI, etc) The Polarity of a covalent compound can be determined by:
1.Value of its electric dipole moment ()

Greater value of (), hence the compound more progressively polar.

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Dipole moment of the several covalent compounds
COMPOUNDS H2 N2 O2 Cl2 CH4 HI HBr CO CO2 HCl DIPOLE MOMENT 0 0 0 0 0 0.44 0.82 0.11 0 1.03

NH3

1.49

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2.The absolute value of the electronegativity difference of its composer elements

The greater of electronegativity difference of the composer elements, then the molecule progressively polar

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Example: HCl, the atom of H element have the smaller electronegativity than the atom of Cl element, hence PEI of the HCl molecule will be attracted stronger by Cl atom

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Electronegativity Value Of Some Elements

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3. Form of molecule of polar covalent bond is asymmetric Because in central atom have a pair of PEB Example : NH3, PCl3, H2O, Cl2O, etc

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Asymmetric Distribution
EOS

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NON POLAR COVALENT BOND The non polar covalent bond occurs because the bonded atoms have the same relative electronegativity, so that the value of electric dipole moment or the absolute value of electronegativity difference of the molecule composer elements is small approaching zero. Example: H2, O2, N2, CH4, Cl2

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The form of molecule of non polar covalent bond is symmetric

Symmetric distribution

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WHATS THE MEANING OF COORDINATE COVALENT BOND?

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LOOK AT THIS PICTURE !

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So
Coordinate Covalent Bond is a covalent bond where both electrons in the bond are donated by 1 atom.

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THE EXAMPLE OF COORDINATE COVALENT BOND

Ammonium ion (NH4+) How it can formed?

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LOOK AT THIS PICTURE!

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Exercise 1. The following is Lewis structure for nitromethane compound

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A. B. C. D. E.

The pair of electrons that can form coordinate covalent bond is 1 2 3 4 5

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METALLIC BOND

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF METALLIC BOND ?

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The chemical bond in the arrangement of a metal atoms involving their ions known as metallic bond, this accounts for the properties of the metal
Metallic bond is a chemical bond that happened between metal and metal

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Metals Have few valence electrons Are relatively large Have low electronegativity Valence electrons have to be shared with many neighboring atoms Valence electrons are delocallized over a number of metal atoms Electrons are free to move through the metal

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The properties of the metals are as follows: Metal are good electrical and heat conductors Metals are malleable Metal have the high boiling point and melting point Metal are shine in color Metal are opaque

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METAL STRUCTURE

Positively charged metal ions surrounded by sea of electrons

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In metallic bond is happened force of attraction between the positive metal ions and the sea of mobile negative electrons

Thanks For Your Attention

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