OFDM for optical communications

By
B.Bindu Bhavani
M.Tech II Sem
10N81D7001
2
Motivation
High bit-rate wireless applications in a multipath radio
environment.


OFDM can enable such applications without a high
complexity receiver with optical communication.

OFDM is part of WLAN, DVB, and DAB standards
and is a strong candidate for some of the 4G wireless
technologies.



Outline
Introduction
OFDM basics
OFDM Block diagram
Advantages and disadvantages
Applications
OFDM in optical communication
Conclusion
3
OFDM
OFDM is a FDM scheme used as
digital multicarrier modulation method.
In this method a large closely spaced
orthogonal subcarriers are used to
carry the data.
4
Single Carrier System
Sequential
Transmission
of Waveforms
Waveforms are
Short Duration
T
Waveforms
Occupy
Full System
Bandwidth 1/T
Multi-Carrier System
Parallel
Transmission
of Waveforms
Waveforms are
Long Duration
MT
Waveforms Occupy
1/M th
Of System
Bandwidth 1/T
FDM OFDM



Frequency Division Multiplexing



OFDM frequency dividing



EARN IN SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY
OFDM Signal
Ch.1
Ch.2 Ch.3 Ch.4 Ch.5 Ch.6 Ch.7 Ch.8 Ch.9 Ch.10
Ch.3 Ch.5 Ch.7 Ch.9
Ch.2 Ch.4 Ch.6 Ch.8 Ch.10
Ch.1
Conventional multicarrier techniques
Orthogonal multicarrier techniques
50% bandwidth saving
Frequency
Frequency
ORTHOGONALITY
Digital communication systems
In time domain In frequency domain


OFDM
Two conditions must be considered for the orthogonality
between the subcarriers.
1. Each subcarrier has exactly an integer number of
cycles in the FFT interval.
2. The number of cycles between adjacent subcarriers
differs by exactly one.

( ) ( )
*
1 ,
0 ,
i j
i j
x t x t dt
i j

=

=

}
( ) ( )
*
1 ,
0 ,
i j
i j
X f X f df
i j

=

=

}
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 2
0 0
e e
s s s s s
s s
k n n k
N N
j t t j t t j t t t T t T
T T T
n n k
t t
n n
d dt d e dt d T
t t t


+ +
= =
= =

} }
ORTHOGONALITY

Time domain Frequency
domain
Example of four subcarriers within one OFDM symbol

Spectra of individual subcarriers
FFT-based OFDM System
Serial-to-
Parallel
Converter
Signal
Mapper
IFFT
Parallel-
to-Serial
Converter
Guard
Interval
Insertion
Serial
Data
Input
x bits
0
d
1
d
1 n
d
0
s
1
s
1 n
s
D/A &
Low pass
Filter
Up-
Converter
Down-
Converter
A/D
Guard
Interval
Removal
Serial-to-
Parallel
Converter
FFT
One-tap
Equalizer
Signal
Demapper
Parallel-
to-Serial
Converter
Serial
Data
Output
0

d
x bits
1

d
1

n
d
0
s
1
s
1

n
s
Channel
) (t s
Time
Frequency
Subchannels
Fast Fourier
Transform
Guard
Intervals
Symbols
FFT-based OFDM System
OFDM Transmitter
Signal
Mapper
(QPSK)
IFFT
Parallel-
to-Serial
Converter
Guard
Interval
Insertion
Serial-to-
Parallel
Converter
2
d
1 n
d

Serial
Data
Input


1
s
2
s
1 n
s

x bits
D/A
&
Lowpass
Filter
1
x
1
d
2
x
1 n
x

x=[0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,.]
x1=[0,0]
x2=[0,1]
x3=[1,0]
x4=[1,1]
Q
.
I
.
.
.
00
01
11
10
.
I
.
.
.
00
01
11
10
Q
.
.
.
.
00
01
11
10
I
.
.
.
.
00
01
11
10
d1=1
d2=i
d3=-1
d4=-i
..
FFT-based OFDM System
OFDM Transmitter
DATA
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
1
1
1
i
i
d





=




-


M
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
[ ] -0.09, -0.003-0.096i, , 0.01+ 0.247i, -0.035-0.0472i s = L
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
Signal
Mapper
(QPSK)
IFFT
Parallel-
to-Serial
Converter
Guard
Interval
Insertion
Serial-to-
Parallel
Converter
2
d
1 n
d

Serial
Data
Input


1
s
2
s
1 n
s

x bits
D/A
&
Lowpass
Filter
1
x
1
d
2
x
1 n
x

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
SERIES AND PARALLEL CONCEPTS
In OFDM system design, the series and parallel
converter is considered to realize the concept of
parallel data transmission.
Serial-to-
Parallel
Converter
Serial
data
Parallel
data
s b
T NT =
b
T 2
b
T 0 0
t t
The process of mapping the information bits onto the
signal constellation plays a fundamental role in
determining the properties of the modulation.
An OFDM signal consists of a sum of sub-carriers, each
of which contains M-ary phase shift keyed (PSK) or
quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) signals.
Modulation types over OFDM systems
Phase shift keying (PSK)
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
MODULATION/MAPPING
MAPPING - PHASE SHIFT KEYING
M-ary phase shift keying
Consider M-ary phase-shift keying (M-PSK) for which the
signal set is



where is the signal energy per symbol, is the symbol
duration, and is the carrier frequency.

This phase of the carrier takes on one of the M
possible values, namely , where



( )
( )
2 1
2
cos 2 0 , 1, 2,...,
s
i c s
s
i
E
s t f t t T i M
T M
t
t
| |
= + s s =
|
\ .
( )
2 1
i
i M u t =
1, 2,..., i M =
s
E
s
T
c
f
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Mapping
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
The transmitted M-ary QAM signal for symbol i can be
expressed as



where E is the energy of the signal with the lowest
amplitude, and , and are amplitudes taking
on the values, and,

where M is assumed to be a power of 4.
The parameter a can be related to the average signal
energy ( ) by

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
cos 2 sin 2 , 0 ,
n n c n c
E E
s t a f t b f t t T
T T
t t = s s
( )
2
, , 3 , , log 1 ,
n n
a b a a M a = .
( )
3
2 1
s
E
a
M
=

n
a
n
b
s
E
2
E a =
18
Multiple Data Rates/Modes
IFFT AND FFT
Inverse DFT and DFT are critical in the implementation
of an OFDM system.






IFFT and FFT algorithms are the fast implementation
for the IDFT and DFT.
In the IEEE 802.11a, the size of IFFT and FFT is
N=64.
2
1
0
1
[ ] [ ]
N
j kn
N
k
IDFT x n X k e
N
t

=
=

2
1
0
[ ] [ ]
N
j kn
N
n
DFT X k x n e
t

=
=

OFDM - Spectrum
z The FFT (and its inverse,
the IFFT) are used to
create a multitude of
orthogonal subarriers
using just a single TX.
z Subcarrier
orthogonality must be
preserved in the
presence of
y timing jitter
y frequency offset
y fading.
Frequency
Magnitude
T
0
GUARD INTERVAL AND CYCLIC EXTENSION

OFDM symbol
OFDM symbol duration .
Guard Interval DATA
g
T T
Guard
interval
FFT integration duration
OFDM symbol duration
total g
T T T = +
GUARD INTERVAL AND CYCLIC EXTENSION
Two different sources of interference can be identified
in the OFDM system.
Intersymbol interference (ISI) is defined as the crosstalk
between signals within the same sub-channel of
consecutive FFT frames, which are separated in time by the
signaling interval T.
Inter-carrier interference (ICI) is the crosstalk between
adjacent subchannels or frequency bands of the same FFT
frame.


GUARD INTERVAL AND CYCLIC EXTENSION
For the purpose to eliminate the effect of ISI, the guard
interval could consist of no signals at all.
Guard interval (or cyclic extension) is used in OFDM
systems to combat against multipath fading.
:guard interval
:multi path delay spread

In that case, however, the problem of intercarrier
interference (ICI) would arise.
The reason is that there is no integer number of cycles
difference between subcarriers within the FFT interval.
g
T
delay spread
T

g delay spread
T T

>
Guard Interval Inserted Between Adjacent
Symbols to Suppress ASI
GUARD INTERVAL AND CYCLIC EXTENSION
To eliminate ICI, the OFDM symbol is cyclically
extended in the guard interval.
This ensures that delayed replicas of the OFDM
symbol always have an integer number of cycles within
the FFT interval, as long as the delay is smaller than
the guard interval.
Guard Interval
(Cyclic Extension)
Cyclic Prefix Inserted in Guard Interval to
Suppress Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI)
Cyclic Prefix: Comparision
C P
T
T c
t
c o p y
CP functions:
It acomodates the decaying transient of the previous symbol
It avoids the initial transient reachs the current symbol
CP
P
a
s
s
i
n
g

t
h
e

c
h
a
n
n
e
l

h
(
n
)

h ( n ) = ( 1 )
n
/ n n = 0 , , 2 3
Including the Cyclic Prefix
Symbol: 8 periods of f
i

Symbol: 4 periods of f
i

Initial transient
remains within
the CP
Final transient
remains within
the CP
The inclusion of a CP
maintains the orthogonality
P
a
s
s
i
n
g

t
h
e

c
h
a
n
n
e
l

h
(
n
)

Initial transient
Decaying transient
Channel:
Symbol: 8 periods of f
i

Symbol: 4 periods of f
i

Without the Cyclic Prefix
Loss of orthogonality
To combat the time dispersion: including special time guards in the symbol transitions
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
Immunity to delay spread
Symbol duration >> channel impulse response
Guard interval
Resistance to frequency selective fading
Each subchannel is almost flat fading
Simple equalization
Each subchannel is almost flat fading, so it only needs a one-tap
equalizer to overcome channel effect.
Efficient bandwidth usage
The subchannel is kept orthogonality with overlap.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Disadvantages
The problem of synchronization
Symbol synchronization
Timing errors
Carrier phase noise
Frequency synchronization
Sampling frequency synchronization
Carrier frequency synchronization


Need FFT units at transmitter, receiver
The complexity of computations

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Sensitive to carrier frequency offset
The effect of ICI

The problem of high peak to average power ratio (PAPR)
Problem 1. It increased complexity of the analog-to-digital and
digital-to-analog converters.
Problem2. It reduced efficiency of the RF power amplifier.
The solutions
1.Signal distortion techniques,which reduce the peak amplitudes
simply by nonlinearly distorting the OFDM signal at or around
the peaks.
2.Coding techniques using a special forward-error-correction
code
3. It is based on scrambling each OFDM symbol with different
scrambling sequences and then the sequence that gives the
smallest PAP ratio is selected.
Applications
z Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)
z Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB)
z Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
z Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11a
y Wireless networking, device connectivity
z Proposed for 802.16 standard
y Connection between subscriber's transceiver
station and a base transceiver station

OFDM Systems
System FFT
Size
Number
Carriers
Channel
Spacing
kHz
Bandwidth
MHz
Sample
Rate
MHz
Symbol
Duration
sec
Data

Rate

Mbits/s
HyperLAN/2 64 52
4
312.5 16.25 20 3.2
0.8
6-54
802.11a 64 52
4
312.5 16.56 20 3.2
0.8
6-54
DVB-T 2048
1024
1712
842
4.464 7.643 9.174 224 0.68-
14.92
DAB 2048
8192
1536 1.00 1.536 2.048 24/48/96
msec
3.072
ADSL 256 (down)
64 (up)
36-127
7-28
4.3125 1.104 1.104 231.9 0.64-
8.192
OPTICAL OFDM SYSTEM
TYPES OF OPTICAL OFDM
CO-OFDM
DDO-OFDM
FSO- OFDM
DDO- OFDM
LM-DDO-OFDM




NM-DDO-OFDM

FSO-OFDM TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
References
[1] Richard van Nee, Ramjee Prasad, OFDM wireless multimedia communication, Artech House Boston
London, 2000.
[2] Ahmad R. S. Bahai and Burton R. Saltzberg, Multi-carrier digital communications - Theory and
applications of OFDM, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow,
1999.
[3] Ramjee Prasad, OFDM based wireless broadband multimedia communication, Letter Notes on
ISCOM99, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Nov. 7-10, 1999.
[4] L. Hanzo, W. Webb and T. Keller, Single- and multi-carrier quadrature amplitude modulation Principles
and applications for personal communications, WLANs and broadcasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2000.
[5] Mark Engels, Wireless Ofdm Systems: How to Make Them Work? Kluwer Academic Publishers.
[6] Lajos Hanzo, William Webb, Thomas Keller, Single and Multicarrier Modulation: Principles and
Applications, 2nd edition, IEEE Computer Society.
[7] Zou, W.Y.; Yiyan Wu, COFDM: An overview Broadcasting, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 41, Issue 1, pp.
1 8, Mar. 1995.
[8] Emmanuel C. Ifeachor & Barrie W. Jervis, Digital signal processing A practical approach, Addision-
Wesley, 1993.
[9] Blahut, R. E., Fast Algorithms for digital processing. Reading, Ma: Addison-Wesley, 1985.
[10] Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 3
rd
edition, 1994.
[11] Roger L. Peterson, Rodger E. Ziemer, David E. Borth, Introduction to spread spectrum communications,
Prentice Hall International Editions, 1995.
Conclusion
Thank You!!

Questions??
OFDM 802.11a