ECONOMICS PRESENTATION

GTU

INDEX
SERIAL NO. PARTICULARS

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

Introduction Demand The Law of Demand Factors affecting demand Supply The law of supply Factors affecting supply Equilibrium

09 10

Disequilibrium Shift vs. Movement

INTRODUCTION

Supply and demand is perhaps one of the most fundamental concepts of economics and it is the backbone of a market economy. Demand refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers. The quantity demanded is the amount of a product people are willing to buy at a certain price; the relationship between price and quantity demanded is known as the demand relationship. Supply represents how much the market can offer. The quantity supplied refers to the amount of a certain good producers are willing to supply when receiving a certain price. The correlation between price and how much of a good or service is supplied to the market is known as the supply relationship. Price, therefore, is a reflection of supply and demand.

The relationship between demand and supply underlie the forces behind the allocation of resources. In market economy theories, demand and supply theory will allocate resources in the most efficient way possible. How? Let us take a closer look at the law of demand and the law of supply.

DEMAND

DEFINITION

An economic principle that describes a consumers desire and willingness to

pay a price for a specific good or service.

MEANING :
Demand refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers.

EXPLANATION :
Consumers want to pay as little as they can. They will buy more as the price
drops.

The Law of Demand

Holding all other factors constant, the price of a good or service increases as its demand increases and vice versa. Many aspects / elements determine the quantity demanded of any good, but when analyzing how markets work, one determinant plays a central role the price of the good.

FACTORS AFFECTING DEMAND

Income Prices of related goods

Consumer preferences
Expectations Number of buyers

SUPPLY

DEFINITION :
A fundamental economic concept that describes the total amount of a specific good or service that is available to consumers.

MEANING :
In economics, supply is the amount of some product producers are willing and able to sell at a given price all other factors being held constant.

EXPLANATION:
Sellers want to be able to charge as much as they can. They will be willing to make more and sell more as the price goes up. This is the way they can maximize profits.

THE LAW OF SUPPLY

Supply can relate to the amount available at a specific price or the amount available across a range of prices if displayed on a graph. This relates closely to the demand for a good or service at a specific price; all else being equal, the supply provided by producers will rise if the price rises because all firms look to maximize profits.

FACTORS AFFECTING SUPPLY

Input costs Technology

Expectations
Number of sellers

DISEQUILIBRIUM
Disequilibrium occurs whenever the price or quantity is not equal to P* or Q*.

Excess Supply

If the price is set too high, excess supply will be created within the economy and there will be allocative inefficiency.
At price P1 the quantity of goods that the producers wish to supply is indicated by Q2. At P1, however, the quantity that the consumers want to consume is at Q1, a quantity much less than Q2. Because Q2 is greater than Q1, too much is being produced and too little is being consumed. The suppliers are trying to produce more goods, which they hope to sell to increase profits, but those consuming the goods will find the product less attractive and purchase less because the price is too high.

Excess Demand Excess demand is created when price is set below the equilibrium price. Because the price is so low, too many consumers want the good while producers are not making enough of it.

EQUILIBRUM & DISEQUILIBRIUM

Combining the analysis of demand and supply as a whole, one can see how they determine the quantity of a good sold in a market and its price. The point where the demand and the supply curves intersect(meet), is called the markets equivilibrium.

The price at this intersection is called the equivilibrium price, and the relevant quantity is called the equilibrium quantity.
At the equivilibrium price, the quantity of the goods that the buyers are willing and able to buy exactly balances the quantity that the sellers are willing and able to sell. The equilibrium price is sometimes called the market-clearing price.

SHIFT VS. MOVEMENT

When any market factor drives up the price of good, the quantity of the good that firms supply rises, even though supply curve remains the same. In this case, economists say there has been an increase in quantity supplied but no change in supply. SHIFT : Any change that raises the quantity that sellers wish to produce at a given price shifts the supply curve to the right. Any change that lowers the quantity that seller wish to produce at a given price shifts the supply curve to the left. MOVEMENT: In simple words, when the price or quantity fluctuates on the same curve, it is a movement.