DNA Transcription and Translation

Cell
Transcription

DNA
mRNA
Ribosome

Translation

Polypeptide (protein)

Gene
Segment of DNA that codes for a protein DNA codes for RNA and RNA makes protein

One Gene One Enzyme

One gene codes for one polypeptide. polypeptide - a chain of covalently bonded amino acids. (proteins are made of one or more polypeptide)

DNA, RNA, and Protein

Flow of Information: DNA RNA Proteins Transcription Translation Transcription is the process by which a molecule of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA. This is called messenger RNA (mRNA) because it acts as a messenger between DNA and the ribosomes where protein synthesis is carried out.

RNAs Structure

RNA
RNA stands for:
Ribonucleic acid

RNA is found:
Nucleus and Cytoplasm

RNAs Nitrogen Bases

Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Uracil (U)

There are 3 types of RNA:

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)

All RNA is
Single stranded Many different shapes Cheap copy of DNA

Transcription
First step in making proteins Process of taking one gene (DNA) and converting into a mRNA strand DNA -> RNA Location:
Nucleus of the cell

Steps to Transcription
1. An enzyme attaches to the promoter (start signal region) of a gene and unwinds the DNA

Steps to Transcription (Cont.)

2. One strand acts as a template.

Steps to Transcription (Cont.)

3. A mRNA copy is made from the DNA template strand by RNA polymerase 4. A mRNA copy is made until it reaches the termination (stop signal) sequence

5. The two strands of DNA rejoin.

Template vs. Non Template Strand

Eukaryotic Transcription
Cytoplasm
DNA

Transcription
RNA

RNA Processing
AAAAAA

mRNAG

AAAAAA

Nucleus

Export

Transcription animations
http://wwwclass.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/ani mation/gene/gene_a2.html

Think- Pair- Share

1. Where in the cell does transcription occur? 2. What is the importance of transcription? 3. In transcription, how come the whole DNA molecule is not copied into mRNA? 4. How does one gene differ structurally from another?

mRNA Processing
Pre-mRNA the original sequence of RNA created during transcription mRNA reaches the ribosomes

RNA Processing

What is RNA Processing?

After transcription the pre-mRNA molecule undergoes processing
5 cap is added Poly A tail is added to the 3 end Introns are removed.

RNA Processing
In Eukaryotes only Introns- non-coded sections Exons- codes for a protein Before RNA leaves the nucleus, introns are removed and exons are spliced together A cap and poly A tail are added to ends of the sequence mRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pores

Why is it necessary to add the poly A tail and 5 cap?

Pg. 339

Lets an example
Original DNA Sequence (DNA): 5 GTACTACATGCTATGCAT 3 Translate it (RNA): 3 CAUGAUGUACGAUACGUA 5

Add the 5 cap:

3 CAUGAUGUACGAUACGUA 5cap

Finish the job!

Remove the introns UGUA and AUAC:
cap 3 CAUGAUGUACGAUACGUA 5

3 CAUGACGGUA 5cap

Add a poly A tail onto the 3 end

Poly A tail

3 CAUGACGGUA 5cap

Try it!
DNA Strand of non-template strand: 5 ATCGGTAGAGTATTTACAGATA 3

Remove introns: CGGUA UUACAG

Think, Pair, Share

Take a minute think on your own, then pair with your partner, and share your ideas! Evolutionary, why do you think there are introns? Where did they come from? Why do we have them? Remember there is NO wrong answer!

PROTEINS!

Proteins are made up of amino acids!!!

Proteins are polymers of amino acids Only 20 different amino acids BUT there are hundreds of thousands of different proteins

How can this be?

How do amino acids form these peptide chains?

Peptide Bonds Link each amino acids
together to form proteins

Translation
Production of proteins from mRNA mRNA goes to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm or the RER and produces proteins

Protein Synthesis: Translation

Translation is the process of decoding a mRNA molecule into a polypeptide chain or protein. Each combination of 3 nucleotides on mRNA is called a codon or three-letter code word. Each codon specifies a particular amino acid that is to be placed in the polypeptide chain (protein).

Ribosome
Two subunits to the ribosome 3 grooves on the ribosome (A, P, E) A: tRNA binding site P: polypeptite bonding site E: exit site

Protein Synthesis: Translation

Ribosome: Are made up of 2 subunits, a large one and a smaller one, each subunit contains ribosomal RNA (rRNA) & proteins. Protein synthesis starts when the two subunits bind to mRNA. The initiator codon AUG binds to the first anticodon of tRNA, signaling the start of a protein.

Protein Synthesis: Translation

Ribosome: The anticodon of another tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon, bringing the 2nd amino acid to be placed in the protein. As each anticodon & codon bind together a peptide bond forms between the two amino acids.

Protein Synthesis: Translation

Ribosome: The protein chain continues to grow until a stop codon reaches the ribosome, which results in the release of the new protein and mRNA, completing the process of translation.

Steps to Translation
1. mRNA leaves the nucleus and binds to a ribosome 2. the 5 end of mRNA binds to ribosome

Steps to Translation (Cont.)

3. Ribosome looks for the start Codon (AUG)
Codon: group of 3 nucleotides on the messenger RNA that specifies one amino acid (64 different codons)

OH HO P O CH2 O O N N N NH2

A Codon
N

Adenine

O HO P O

H O N NH N NH2

O
CH2

Guanine Arginine

O HO P O CH2 O O

H
NH2 N N N N

Adenine

OH

tRNA

Protein Synthesis: Translation

A three-letter code is used because there are 20 different amino acids that are used to make proteins. If a two-letter code were used there would not be enough codons to select all 20 amino acids. That is, there are 4 bases in RNA, so 42 (4x 4)=16; where as 43 (4x4x4)=64.

Protein Synthesis: Translation

Therefore, there is a total of 64 codons with mRNA, 61specify a particular amino acid. This means there are more than one codon for each of the 20 amino acids. The remaining three codons (UAA, UAG, & UGA) are stop codons, which signify the end of a polypeptide chain (protein). Besides selecting the amino acid methionine, the codon AUG also serves as the initiator codon, which starts the synthesis of a protein

Steps to Translation (Cont.)

4. Amino acids attached to a tRNA molecule and are brought over to the mRNA. 5. This tRNA has an anticodon that matches the codon on the mRNA strand
Anticodon: Group of 3 unpaired nucleotides on a tRNA strand. (binds to mRNA codon)

Steps to Translation (Cont.)

6. tRNA binds to the mRNA sequence and adds an amino acid 7. Each amino acid matches up with 1-6 tRNA molecules 8. tRNA leaves and amino acids bond together through a polypeptide bond

Translation Animations
http://wwwclass.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/ani mation/gene/gene_a3.html http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flas hanimat/molgenetics/translation.swf

Steps to Translation (Cont.)

9. The mRNA sequence continues until a stop codon is reached. 10. The amino acids disconnect from the mRNA sequence and a protein is formed.

1. Initiation
The two ribosomal subunits come together with the mRNA and the first tRNA molecule which attaches to the start codon (AUG). This is the only tRNA that will attach to the P site. The first amino acid is always methionine.

2. Codon Recognition
The tRNA anticodon will hydrogen bind to the mRNA codon in the A site.

3. Bond Formation
The amino acid in the P site will form a peptide bond with the amino acid in the A site.

4. Translocation
The tRNA's and the mRNA move down one site. The empty tRNA is released from the exit site.

5. Repeat
This process will repeat hundreds of times.

6. Termination
Translation is terminated with the stop codon is reached. There are three different stop codons UGA, UAA, UAG. The release factor recognizes the stop codon and releases the polypeptide strand. All the factors break apart and are reused.