Motivation

A Presentation

Definition of Motivation

Motivation can be defined as a willingness to expand energy, to achieve a goal or a reward........Dala Breachus

What Is Motivation?

Direction

Intensity

Persistence

I was saying "I'm the greatest long before I believed it.

Intensity

Direction

It's not that I'm so smart, it's just that I stay with problems longer.

Persistence

Theories of Motivation

Content Theories. - needs recognition & priority. Process Theories. - identifying motivation variables and their interrelationship. Content Theories include Maslow Hierarchy theory, Fredrick Herzberg's two factor theory, Alderfer's ERG theory.

Process Theories Varoom's Model, Equity Theory.

Traditional Theories of Motivation

Fear & Punishment Theory. Efforts & Reward Theory. (Taylor Differential Piece rate plan).

Carrot & Stick Theory.

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Self Esteem Social Safety

Physiological

Prentice Hall, 2001

Chapter 6

Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory

Dissatisfaction and demotivation Not dissatisfied but not motivated Positive satisfaction and motivation

Hygiene Factors
Company policies Quality of supervision Relations with others Personal life Rate of pay Job security Working conditions

Motivational Factors

Achievement Career advancement Personal growth

Job interest Recognition Responsibility

Needs Theories
Maslow
Self-Actualisation
Motivators

Herzberg

Esteem
Social Safety

Hygiene Factors

Physiological

Expectancy Theory
(Vroom)

Individual Effort

Individual Performance

Organisational Rewards 3

1. Effort-Performance relationship = Expectancy 2. Performance-Rewards relationship = Instrumentality 3. Rewards-Personal goals relationship = Valence

Personal Goals

Prentice Hall, 2001

Chapter 6

12

How Expectancy Theory Works

Your tutor offers you 1 million if you memorise the textbook by tomorrow morning.

Expectancy
Effort - Performance Link
No matter how much effort you put in, probably not possible to memorise the text in 24 hours E=0

Instrumentality
Performance - Rewards Link
Your tutor does not look like someone who has 1 million

Valence
Rewards - Personal Goals Link
There are a lot of wonderful things you could do with 1 million

I=0

V=1

Conclusion: Though you value the reward, you will not be motivated to do this task.

Self-Motivation

Self-fulfilment and satisfaction

Difficult goals lead to higher performance

Motivation to act depends on the attractiveness of the outcome

Begin with the end in mind

What are your talents? What is your ultimate career goal? What can you achieve in 2 years? What are your personal goals?

Motivation factors
interesting work opportunity to develop special abilities enough information enough authority enough help and equipment; friendly and helpful coworkers opportunity to see results of work competent supervision responsibilities clearly defined good pay

Theory x ('authoritarian management' style)

The average person dislikes work and will avoid if he/she can. Therefore most people must be forced with the threat of punishment to work towards organisational objectives. The average person prefers to be directed; to avoid responsibility; is relatively unambitious, and wants security above all else.

Theory y ('participative management' style)

Effort in work is as natural as work and play. People will apply self-control and self-direction in the pursuit of organizational objectives, without external control or the threat of punishment. Commitment to objectives is a function of rewards associated with their achievement. People usually accept and often seek responsibility.

Theory Z

Theory Z is concerned with management styles in Japanese companies.

Features

Long Period or length of emplyment. Employees participation in decision making. Group Responsibility. Informal Control. Overall Concern with the employee.