Waves and Sound (part 1)

Lecture 2
Outline
Types of Waves: Transverse and Longitudinal
Periodic Waves
The Speed of Wave in a String
Producing a Sound Wave
Using a Tuning Fork to Produce a Sound Wave
Speed of Sound
Sound Intensity
Decibel
Wave Motion
A wave is the motion of a disturbance
Mechanical waves require
Some source of disturbance
A medium that can be disturbed
Some physical connection or mechanism though
which adjacent portions of the medium influence
each other
All waves carry energy and momentum
Types of Waves Traveling Waves
Flip one end of a long rope
that is under tension and
fixed at the other end
The pulse travels to the right
with a definite speed
A disturbance of this type is
called a traveling wave
Types of Waves Transverse
In a transverse wave, each element that is disturbed
moves in a direction perpendicular to the wave
motion
Types of Waves Longitudinal
In a longitudinal wave, the elements of the medium
undergo displacements parallel to the motion of the
wave
A longitudinal wave is also called a compression wave
Other Types of Waves
Waves may be a combination of transverse
and longitudinal
Water waves are partially transverse and
partially longitudinal

Periodic Waves
Periodic waves consist of cycles or patterns that are
produced over and over again by the source.

In the figures, every segment of the slinky vibrates in
simple harmonic motion, provided the end of the
slinky is moved in simple harmonic motion.
In the drawing, one cycle is shaded in color.
The amplitude A is the maximum excursion of a particle of
the medium from the particles undisturbed position.

The wavelength is the horizontal length of one cycle of the
wave.

The period is the time required for one complete cycle.

The frequency is related to the period and has units of Hz, or
s
-1
.
T
f
1
=
Speed of a Wave
v =
Is derived from the basic speed equation of distance/time
This is a general equation that can be applied to many
types of waves
AM and FM radio waves are transverse waves consisting of
electric and magnetic field disturbances traveling at a speed
of 3.00 10
8
m/s. A station broadcasts AM radio waves
whose frequency is 1230 10
3
Hz and an FM radio wave
whose frequency is 91.9 10
6
Hz. Find the distance
between adjacent crests in each wave.
Example 1:
Solution:
AM:
m 244
Hz 10 1230
s m 10 00 . 3
3
8
=

= =
f
v

FM:
m 26 . 3
Hz 10 91.9
s m 10 00 . 3
6
8
=

= =
f
v

A wave traveling in the positive x-direction is pictured in

Figure. Find the amplitude, wavelength, speed, and period
of the wave if it has a frequency of 8.00 Hz. In Figure,
Ax = 40.0 cm and Ay = 15.0 cm.
Example 2:
Solution:
m 0.150 cm 15.0 = = A = y A
m 0.400 cm .0 0 4 = = A = x
( )( ) m/s 0 2 . 3 400 . 0 00 . 8 = = = f v
s 125 . 0
00 . 8
1 1
= = =
f
T
Speed of a Wave on a String
The speed on a wave stretched under some
tension, F


is called the linear density
The speed depends only upon the properties
of the medium through which the disturbance
travels

Transverse waves travel on each string of an electric
guitar after the string is plucked. The length of each
string between its two fixed ends is 0.628 m, and the
mass is 0.208 g for the highest pitched E string and
3.32 g for the lowest pitched E string. Each string is
under a tension of 226 N. Find the speeds of the
waves on the two strings.
Example 3:
High E
( ) ( )
s m 826
m 0.628 kg 10 0.208
N 226
3 -
=

= =
L m
F
v
Low E
( ) ( )
s m 207
m 0.628 kg 10 3.32
N 226
3 -
=

= =
L m
F
v
Solution:
A uniform string has a mass M of 0.0300 kg and a length L of
6.00 m. Tension is maintained in the string by suspending a
block of mass m = 2.00 kg from one end .
(a) Find the speed of a transverse wave pulse on this string.
(b) Find the time it takes the pulse to travel from the wall to the
pulley. Neglect the mass of the hanging part of the string.
Example 4:
L M
mg F
v
/
= =

s 0799 . 0
6 . 62
00 . 5
) b ( = = =
v
d
t
Solution:
0 ) a ( = =

mg F F
( )( )
( )( )
m/s 6 . 62
00 . 6 0300 . 0
80 . 9 00 . 2
= = v
Interference of Waves
Two traveling waves can meet and pass through
each other without being destroyed or even
altered
Waves obey the Superposition Principle
When two or more traveling waves encounter each
other while moving through a medium, the resulting
wave is found by adding together the displacements
of the individual waves point by point
Actually only true for waves with small amplitudes
Constructive Interference
Destructive Interference
Reflection of Waves
Fixed End
Whenever a traveling
wave reaches a boundary,
some or all of the wave is
reflected
When it is reflected from
a fixed end, the wave is
inverted
The shape remains the
same
Reflected Wave Free End
When a traveling wave
reaches a boundary, all
or part of it is reflected
When reflected from a
free end, the pulse is not
inverted
Sound Waves
Sound waves are longitudinal waves
Producing a Sound Wave
Any sound wave has its source in a vibrating
object
Sound waves are longitudinal waves traveling
through a medium
A tuning fork can be used as an example of
producing a sound wave
Using a Tuning Fork to Produce a
Sound Wave
A tuning fork will produce a
pure musical note
As the tines vibrate, they
disturb the air near them
As the tine swings to the right,
it forces the air molecules near
it closer together
This produces a high density
area in the air
This is an area of compression
Using a Tuning Fork, cont.
As the tine moves toward the
left, the air molecules to the
right of the tine spread out
This produces an area of low
density
This area is called a rarefaction
Using a Tuning Fork, final
As the tuning fork continues to vibrate, a succession of
compressions and rarefactions spread out from the fork
A sinusoidal curve can be used to represent the
longitudinal wave
Crests correspond to compressions and troughs to
rarefactions
Categories of Sound Waves
Audible waves
Lay within the normal range of hearing of the human ear
Normally between 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz
Infrasonic waves
Frequencies are below the audible range
Earthquakes are an example
Ultrasonic waves
Frequencies are above the audible range
Dog whistles are an example
Speed of Sound, General



The speed of sound is higher in solids than in gases
The molecules in a solid interact more strongly
The speed is slower in liquids than in solids
Liquids are more compressible
(liquid) (solid)
Speed of Sound in Air



331 m/s is the speed of sound at 0 C
T is the absolute temperature
or v = 331 + 0.6(T)
where T in degree Celcius (C)
The Speed of Sound
Sound travels through
gases, liquids, and solids
at considerably different
speeds.
A stone is dropped into a well. The splash is heard
3.00 s later. What is the depth of the well?
Example 5:
Solution:
H = gt
1
2
(a)
where t
1
is the time the stone reach the water and H is
the depth of the well,
H = vt
2
(b)

Where v is speed of sound and t
2
is the time the sound
travels.
But t
1
+ t
2
= 3.00 s (c)
Equate (a) and (b) and substitute in (c),
Solve for quadratic equation and H = 40.7 m
An explosion occurs 275 m above an 867-m-thick ice
sheet that lies over ocean water. If the air
temperature is 27.00C, how long does it take the
sound to reach a research vessel 1250 m below the
ice? Neglect any changes in the bulk modulus and
density with temperature and depth.
(Use B
ice
= 9.2 10
9
N/m
2
.)
Example 6:
Solution:
m/s 327
273
266
331
273
331 = = =
T
v
air
s 841 . 0
327
275
= = =
air
air
air
v
d
t
m/s 10 2 . 3
917
10 2 . 9
3
9
=

= =

B
v
ice
s 27 . 0
3200
867
= = =
ice
ice
ice
v
d
t
s 815 . 0
1533
1250
= = =
water
water
water
v
d
t
s 93 . 1 815 . 0 27 . 0 841 . 0 = + + = + + =
water ice air total
t t t t
Sound Intensity
Sound waves carry energy that can be used to do
work.
The amount of energy transported per second is
called the power of the wave.
The sound intensity is defined as the power that
passes perpendicularly through a surface divided by
the area of that surface.
A
P
I =
SI unit: W/m
2

12 x 10
-5
W of sound power passed through the
surfaces labeled 1 and 2. The areas of these
surfaces are 4.0 m
2
and 12 m
2
. Determine the
sound intensity at each surface.
Example 7:
2 5
2
5
1
1
m W 10 0 . 3
4.0m
W 10 12

= =
A
P
I
2 5
2
5
2
2
m W 10 0 . 1
12m
W 10 12

= =
A
P
I
Solution:
Intensity Level of Sound Waves
The sensation of loudness is logarithmic in the
human ear
is the intensity level or the decibel level of
the sound


I
o
is the threshold of hearing
Intensity vs. Intensity Level
Intensity is a physical quantity
Intensity level is a convenient mathematical
transformation of intensity to a logarithmic
scale
Various Intensity Levels
A noisy grinding machine in a factory produces a
sound intensity of 1.0010
25
W/m
2
. Calculate
(a) the decibel level of this machine and
(b) the new intensity level when a second, identical
machine is added to the factory.
(c) A certain number of additional such machines
are put into operation alongside these two
machines. When all the machines are running at
the same time the decibel level is 77.0 dB. Find
the sound intensity.
Example 8:
Solution:
( ) dB 0 . 70 10 log 10
10 00 . 1
10 00 . 1
log 10 ) a (
7
12
5
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
dB 0 . 73
10 00 . 1
10 00 . 2
log 10 ) b (
12
5
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
12
10 00 . 1
log 10 dB 0 . 77 ) c (
I
|
2 5 70 . 7
12
W/m 10 01 . 5 10
10 00 . 1

= =

I
I
Audio system 1 produces a sound intensity level of
90.0 dB, and system 2 produces an intensity level of
93.0 dB. Determine the ratio of intensities.
Example 9:
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
I
I
log dB 10 |
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
I
I
1
1
log dB 10 |
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
I
I
2
2
log dB 10 |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
2
1
2 1 2
1 2
log dB 10 log dB 10 log dB 10 log dB 10
I
I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
o
o
o o
| |
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
2
log dB 10 dB 0 . 3
I
I
0 . 2 10
30 . 0
1
2
= =
I
I

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
2
log 0.30
I
I
Solution:
Spherical Waves
A spherical wave
propagates radially
outward from the
oscillating sphere
The energy propagates
equally in all directions
The intensity is

Intensity of a Point Source
Since the intensity varies as 1/r
2
, this is an inverse
square relationship
The average power is the same through any spherical
surface centered on the source
To compare intensities at two locations, the inverse
square relationship can be used

A small source emits sound waves with a power
output of 80.0 W.
(a) Find the intensity 3.00 m from the source.
(b) At what distance would the intensity be one-
fourth as much as it is at r = 3.00 m?
(c) Find the distance at which the sound level is
40.0 dB.
Example 10:
Solution:
( )
2
2
W/m 707 . 0
00 . 3 4
0 . 80
4
) a ( = = =
t t r
P
I
( )
m 00 . 6
4 / 707 . 0 4
0 . 80
' 4
) b ( = = =
t t I
P
r
2 8
0
00 . 4
0
W/m 10 00 . 1 10 log 10 dB 0 . 40 ) c (

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= I I
I
I
( )
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
8
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
10 00 . 1
707 . 0
00 . 3
I
I
r r
r
r
I
I
m 10 52 . 2
4
2
= r