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Chapter 2
enLIGHTened
Objectives
Models of light
light is a wave light is a particle
Models of light
light is a wave light is a particle
Light is a wave
propagating wave of oscillating electric and magnetic fields described by wavelength, , and frequency, f. f = v where v is the speed of the wave. In a vacuum, v = c = 3.00 x 108 m/s. large wavelength corresponds to small frequency and small wavelength corresponds to large frequency. synonyms for light are electromagnetic wave electromagnetic radiation radiation visible light is light that our eyes are sensitive to; however, that is not the only type of electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic spectrum
Practice
What is the wavelength of white light? Which color of light has a longer wavelength purple or red? Suppose that a certain medical treatment requires exposing certain tissues to high frequency radiation. Would that radiation likely be gamma rays or radio waves?
Light is a particle
Albert Einstein proposed that light consisted of photons. A photon is a particle or packet of energy. A photon has an energy of E=hf where h is called Plancks constant and f is frequency. High frequency (low wavelength) photons have high energy; low frequency (high wavelength) photons have low energy.
Bohr model
(I hope its not bohring)
The Bohr model is a planetary model, where the electron orbits the nucleus like a planet orbits the Sun. An electron is only allowed in DISCRETE orbits (n=1, n=2, n=3, etc.) The higher the orbit, the higher the energy of the electron.
Now, we know that the electron has discrete energy levels, but it does not orbit the nucleus at fixed distances from the nucleus. In fact, it may be found anywhere in certain allowed regions called orbitals. Each orbital corresponds to a certain energy of the electron.
Absorption
photon
Emission
When an atom absorbs a photon, it gains energy. When an atom loses energy, it emits a photon. An atom can only absorb photons or emit photons of just the right energy. Those right energies correspond to the DIFFERENCES in energy between the allowed energy levels.
Hydrogen
only certain energies are allowed energy level energy -0.544 eV -0.850 eV -1.51 eV -3.40 eV the change in the energy between two levels corresponds to a certain color photon absorbed or emitted by the atom the lowest energy level is the ground state higher energy levels are called excited states
n=1
-13.6 eV
Absorption
If light of a continuous spectrum is incident on a gas of hydrogen atoms, then electrons will absorb some of the light. As a result, bands of the spectrum are missing; these are called absorption lines. By the way, these same atoms emit the same colors in an emission spectrum!
Emission
If excited hydrogen atoms fall to lower energy states, photons will be emitted. The emitted photons will be detected as light of certain bands of frequencies (i.e. colors). The collection of bands (or lines) forms an emission spectrum.
Whats so EXCITING?
Sure, electrons get excited when they change energy levels, by why do we get so excited? Each element absorbs and emits a different set of spectra. By measuring the spectral lines, we can know what element a gas is made of. Now, we have way of determining what elements stars like the Sun are composed of Here are spectra for the most abundant elements that compose the Sun.
Clouds of gas (nebulae) emit light, some by absorption and some by emission
emission nebula
Practice
See the Spectrum handout energy level energy -0.544 eV -0.850 eV -1.51 eV -3.40 eV If an atom is in the ground state (n=1) and is excited to n=3, what energy photon was absorbed? What part of the spectrum does this correspond to? If a hydrogen atom is in the state n=4, to what level must it fall in order to emit a blue photon?
n=1
-13.6 eV
Practice
If an atom absorbs a photon, does the atoms energy increase, decrease, or remain constant? Suppose that a gas of 4 hydrogen atoms has an atom in each of the 4 lowest energy levels. How many distinct photons can be emitted by this gas? Suppose that a particular gas will only emit a red photon and a yellow photon. What colors will it absorb if visible light is incident on the gas with many of its atoms in the ground state?
Blackbody radiation
A perfect absorber of light is a blackbody. A blackbody is also a perfect emitter. The emission spectrum of a blackbody is continuous and depends on temperature.
T ~ 4000 K
Blackbody curves
Doppler shift
As a star approaches you, the frequencies of the absorption lines increase (so the wavelengths decrease). They are blueshifted. As a star recedes away from you, the frequencies of the absorption lines decrease (so the wavelengths increase). They are redshifted.
Blueshift
Redshift
Light tells us
what something is made of
by analyzing emission and absorption spectral lines
what temperature it is
blackbody curve