CHAPTER 8

1.

The SKELETAL and the MUSCULAR SYSTEMS are two parts of the support system

8.1 Support Systems in Animals

Why do animals need a support system?

With support system

Without support system

2.

Animals need a support system to support the body, to provide body shape and to provide body movements.

8.1 Support Systems in Animals

Support Systems in Invertebrates and Vertebrates 1. the three basic types of skeletons?

A. Hydrostatic skeleton
B. Exoskeleton C. Endoskeleton

A. Hydrostatic Skeleton Earthworm

Muscular wall Gut Fluid-filled compartment

Soft-bodied animals are supported by liquid, which consists mainly of water in their cells and in spaces between their body organs. This support system is called the hydrostatic skeleton.
Can you think of other animals with a hydrostatic skeleton?
Examples: Sea anemone, jellyfish

1. The hydrostatic skeleton has the following functions a. provides support b. maintains body shape c. aids movement

2. The fluid in the cells presses against the soft surface and causes the body to become compact, stiff and strong

B. Exoskeleton Grasshopper

Exoskeleton Muscle

Insects and crustaceans are supported by a skeleton of hard material which forms the outside of their bodies. This outer skeleton is called exoskeleton.

Can you think of other animals with an exoskeleton?

Examples: Insects Cockroach, dragonfly

Crustaceans prawn, crab

1. The exoskeleton has the following functions a. maintaining their shape b. supporting their bodies c. protecting their organs d. aiding movement

2. The exoskeleton consists of a hard substance called chitin

3. The exoskeleton of invertebrate is also called cuticle

C. Endoskeleton Horse

Muscle Endoskeleton

In vertebrates, the skeleton is inside the body and muscles are attached to it. This internal skeleton is called endoskeleton.

Can you think of other animals with an endoskeleton?

Examples: Crocodile, bird

Support system in humans

1.
2.
3. Support system of humans and vertebrates consists of the internal skeleton

Human are supported by an endoskeleton

The endoskeleton of humans consist of 206 bones

4. The weight of a human is supported mainly by the pelvic girdle. 5. The function of the skeleton includes a. to support the weight of the body b. to give the body its structure, strength and shape c. to produced blood cells d. to protect soft organs of the body such as the heart and the kidneys e. to act as a base for attachment of muscles for example, the biceps are attached to the humerus through the tendon

Comparison of the Endoskeleton between Aquatic Vertebrates and Land Vertebrates

1. The similarities : have endoskeleton

2. The differences support system between land vertebrate and aquatic vertebrate

Land vertebrate

Aquatic vertebrate

Support by endoskeleton
have large size of pectoral and pelvic girdle

Support by buoyancy of water

The size of the pectoral and pelvic girdle is very small

The strength of the The strength of the pectoral and pelvic pectoral and pelvic girdle is very strong girdle is very weak

Land invertebrate
Exoskeleton a body support

Aquatic invertebrate
Buoyancy of water as a body support.

8.2 Support Systems in Plants

Support Systems in Plants

Plants Woody plants Non-woody plants

How do woody plants support themselves? How do non-woody plants support themselves?

8.2 Support Systems in Plants

Support Systems in Woody Plants 1. Woody plants are supported by woody tissue. 2. Woody tissue is hard and provides in plant shape and strength to hold itself.

(a) Mango tree

(b) Hibiscus shrubs

8.2 Support Systems in Plants

Support Systems in Non-woody Plants Non-woody plants depend on the water stored in the cells of the stem for support. a. Adequate water in plant

b. Inadequate water in plant

8.2 Support Systems in Plants

Various Support Systems in Plants

Various support systems in plants

1. Some plants such as the climbers and mangrove trees develop structures for additional support.
2. What are climbers? Climbers are plants with weak stems. They attach themselves to other plants, fences and poles for support. 3. How do mangrove trees gain additional support? Mangrove trees have stilt roots to support themselves.

8.2 Support Systems in Plants

Various Support Systems in Plants

Clasping roots Prop roots

Tendrils

Various support systems in plants

Buttress roots Thorns

Stilt roots

Air sacs

Prickles

8.3 Appreciating the Support Systems in Living Organisms

Appreciating the Support System in Living Organisms 1. What happens to whales that are washed ashore? Whales that are washed ashore may die because their weight will crush their internal organs.

8.3 Appreciating the Support Systems in Living Organisms

Appreciating the Support System in Living Organisms

2.What does a crippled person use to support himself?

A crippled person may use a cane, crutches or a walking frame for support.

Chapter 8: Support and Movement

Summary

8.1 Support Systems in Animals Soft-bodied animals supported by liquid are said to have a hydrostatic skeleton. An outer skeleton is known as an exoskeleton. For insects, it is made mostly of chitin. An internal skeleton is called an endoskeleton. It consists of bones and cartilage. An aquatic vertebrate has a weaker and more flexible skeleton than a land vertebrate. 8.2 Support Systems in Plants Some woody plants have buttress roots and stilt roots to provide additional support. Some non-woody plants climb with tendrils, thorns, prickles or clasping roots. Some aquatic plants have air sacs to provide additional support.