Perkembangan fizikal

- pra-lahir/prenatal - peringkat bayi -Kanak-kanak -Remaja

Perkembangan Prenatal
Peringkat janin =36 minggu Membina organ utama ( otak , jantung , mata, telinga, tangan) Dari pusat ke tepi/sisi; atas ke bawah Genetik ,makanan. Dihalang oleh jenis darah , persekitaran, dadah psikoaktif ( alkohol, nikotin, marijuana, kokaine, heroin)

Perkembangan bayi
Banyakkan tidur = 16jam atau lebih sehari 3kg, abt 50cm, Upaya untuk mengisap , pegang , menelan... Bertambah 2.54cm sebulan dlm tahun pertama , sehingga berat badan 10kg pada umur setahun . Rooting reflex, sucking reflex, Moro reflex & grasping relfex (pg 180) Terencat pertumbuhan kerana kurang zat, serangan penyakit Pertumbuhan dibantu oleh makanan seimbang, senaman, tidur/rehat, gembira

Perkembangan bayi

( sambungan)

Buat sedikit bunyi, ungkapan, sentuhan & aktiviti fizikal (persepsi-motor coupling ms.200 cth . Kordinasi mata-tangan), belajar untuk berjalan . Kemahiran motor kasar , kemahiran motor halus ( ms183 &187 ) Bertindak balas terhadap sentuhan, sakit, menghidu dan merasa

Tidur
Mengubat, membekal tenaga dan membina otak & badan (Replenishes, restores & rebuilds our brains & body.) Mimpi/ mimpi ngeri/ mengigau ( Dream / night mares.) Talk about it? Keep silent ?

Implikasi terhadap pengajaran & pembelajaran

Intersperse physical activities with rest, food & drinks Learn through senses (touch, sight, auditory/hearing, taste & smell),Use toys which are colourful , give out sound ,safe to hold touch & nice to taste. To lure them into learning Allow them to explore Prefer patterns rather than colour, better still at human face (Fantzs experiment p.191). Habituation vs Dishabituation

Early childhood (infant -6 years)

Preschool year Ability to speak well, self-sufficient, care for themselves, develop school readiness skills, enjoy playfine & gross motor skills (manipulative skills); handedness. Fun loving Head: the rest of the body 1:6 Height affected by, ethnic origin ,nutrition& environmental experiences. Reaching & grasping == achievement in children interaction

Implications to Teaching & Learning

Instill healthy living- diet (nutrition & eating bhr) & exercise Avoid substance abuse Prevention of hazards/ avoidance of injuries & illnesses, appropriate safety precautions. Role of play ?

Middle & Late childhood(6-11yr)

Elementary/primary sch years Master fundamental skills eg. reading, writing, arithmetic . Head :the rest of the body=1:7 Pubertal growth for girls 11yrs, boys 13yrs Slow but consistent growth, gain abt 2kg per year.> strength, muscular, boys stronger Determinants: nutrition, exercise, heredity

Implications to Teaching & Learning

What role does exercise play in children development ?