Chapter 3 NEWTON'S

Force and Motion
The Laws of Motion
PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics
Classical Mechanics
Describes the relationship between the motion of objects in our everyday world and the forces acting on them Conditions when Classical Mechanics does not apply

very tiny objects (< atomic sizes) objects moving near the speed of light Quantum and relativistic mechanics
Kinetics analyzes the cause of motion force
Sir Isaac Newton

1642 1727 Formulated basic concepts and laws of mechanics Universal Gravitation Calculus Light and optics
Natural characteristic of an object
Tendency to remain at rest inertia
Tendency to continue in motion
momentum
Inertia
The natural tendency of an object to remain at rest. Measured by its mass In order to move the object you need a force (eg push or pull) acting on the object.
Momentum
Common meaning: tendency of a body to continue in motion Physics definition: the quantity to measure the tendency to oppose change of motion
Momentum
The natural tendency of an object to maintain uniform motion (constant velocity). This tendency is dependent on the mass of the object and its velocity Define momentum,
Momentum = mass velocity, A vector quantity
pmv
In order to change the velocity of the object you need a force acting on the object.
Force
Effect of force - change of velocity

From rest to move increase/ decrease in value change in direction both
Other effect of force - change of shape
External and Internal Forces
External force
Any force that results from the interaction between the object and its environment
example: push, pull, gravitational force, magnetic force
Internal forces
Forces that originate within the object itself They cannot change the objects velocity
example: vibration of atoms
Forces on an object

Usually think of a force as a push or pull Vector quantity May be a contact force or a field force (noncontact)

Contact forces result from physical contact between two objects Field forces act between disconnected objects
Also called action at a distance
Forces on an object
The forces can be: contact forces field (non-contact) forces
Forces on an object

Single or many forces Net effect is due to the net force (sum of all forces)
Newtons First Law
An object will remain at rest or moves with a constant velocity (that is constant in magnitude and direction) unless acted on by a nonzero net force
The net force (also known as resultant force) is defined as the vector sum of all the external forces exerted on the object
Newtons First Law
Also known as Law of Inertia
Newtons First Law
Nonzero net force

No force act on the object Sum of the forces act on the object is zero
Newtons First Law
As long as no net force acting on an object
An object at rest remains at rest An object moving with constant velocity continues moving with the same velocity The object are said to be in equilibrium.
If Fnet = 0 then
v=0 v = constant
or
acceleration a = 0
Newtons First Law

First condition of equilibrium
The net (external) force acting on the object is zero.
F 0
F2
F1
F3
F4
Newtons First Law
The object are in equilibrium if:

It is at rest ( v = 0) static equilibrium. It is in uniform motion ( v = constant ) dynamic equilibrium

F 0
Newtons First Law

F 0
then Fx 0 and
Fy 0
F1 F1x F1 y F2 F2 x F2 y F3 F3 x F3 y F4 F4 x F4 y
Force and momentum
Object can change its velocity only when there is a force (eg push or pull) acting on the object. A force will change the velocity of an object.
A force can move an object initially at rest A force can stop a moving object A force can make object to move faster or slower.
Force and momentum
Everyday experience:
Force depends on mass Force depends on velocity
Momentum :
p =mv
What is the relationship between force with momentum?

Newtons Second Law
The rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it.
Fnet
Dp
Dt
Newtons Second Law Dp Fnet Dt
Change of momentum Dp
Change of mass
Change of velocity
Rate of Change of momentum
Dp Dt
Dm Dv + v Dt = m Dt
Newtons Second Law

Assume: no change in mass. Change in momentum change in velocity only Rate of change of momentum
Dv Dp = m a =m Dt Dt
Newtons Second Law
Fnet m a
Units of Force
SI unit of force is a Newton (N)
The force to change 1 kg of mass to accelerate at 1 m s-1. m 1 N 1 kg 1 2

s
Newtons Second Law
Fnet = m a
This equation is only true if the mass is constant
Newtons Second Law

If there is change in mass. Rate of change of momentum
Dp Dt
Dv Dm + v Dt = m Dt
Newtons Second Law
Fnet = m a
Newtons Third Law
If object 1 and object 2 interact, the force exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the force exerted by object 2 on object 1.
F12 F21
Equivalent to saying a single isolated force cannot exist
Newtons Third Law
F12 may be called the action force and F21 the reaction force
Actually, either force can be the action or the reaction force
The action and reaction forces
act on different objects
Newtons Law of motion

Summary: First law
Second law
Third law
Newtons Law of motion

Application: First law

Particle in equilibrium Acceleration, a = 0 Velocity, v = 0 or v = constant
Second law

Particle in motion Acceleration a 0
What are the forces acting on the object?
Third law
Forces on an object
1. 2. 3.
4.
5.
Gravitational Force Normal reaction force Friction Tension of string Other external force ( push/ pull)
Forces on an object
1.
Gravitational Force Mutual force of attraction between any two objects Expressed by Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation:
m1 m2 Fg G 2 r
Forces on an object
The magnitude of the gravitational force acting on an object of mass m near the Earths surface is called the weight W of the object
W = m g is a special case of Newtons

Second Law
g is the acceleration due to gravity
Gravitational Force
The acceleration due to gravity g depends upon location (altitude above the Earth). Near the Earth, g taken as constant
g = 9.81 m s-1 Direction of g is vertically downward (directed towards the centre of the Earth).
Forces on an object
2. Normal Reaction force

Normal Reaction Force always exists when two objects are in contact It is the reaction of the surface of the second object due to the force (action) by the first object. (Newtons third law)
1
2
Normal (Reaction) Force

Normal Reaction Force always exists when two objects are in contact It is the reaction of the surface of the second object due to the force (action) by the first object. (Newtons third law) The direction of Normal Reaction Force is always perpendicular to the surface

R
Forces on an object
3. Friction force
Normal Reaction Force always exists when two objects are in contact This is due to the interactions between the object and the surface
1
2
Force of Friction
When an object is in motion (tends to move) on a surface or through a viscous medium, there will be a resistance to the motion
This is due to the interactions between the object and its environment
Static friction (stationary object) Kinetic friction (moving object)
This is resistance is called friction
Forces of Friction
This is due to the interactions between the object and its environment The force of static friction is generally greater than the force of kinetic friction
Forces of Friction
Friction is proportional to the normal force

Ffriction
=mR
m is the coefficient of friction
The direction of the frictional force is parallel to surface opposite the direction of motion
Forces of Friction
The direction of the frictional force is opposite the direction of motion Friction is proportional to the normal (reaction) force, parallel to surface The coefficient of friction () depends on the surfaces in contact The coefficients of friction are nearly independent of the area of contact
Ffriction
=mR
Forces of Friction
Forces on an object
4. Tension force
Tension Force always exists when the object is connnected by a rope/ string/ cable etc
Tension Force

The force exerted by a rope, string, wire. The direction is always towards the centre of the rope.
Tension Force
The force exerted by a rope, string, wire. The direction is always towards the centre of the rope. If pulley is smooth, tension on both sides are equal in magnitude
Tension Force
Free Body Diagram

Treat the object as a particle (represented by a point). Treat each object separately. Only forces acting directly on the object are included in the free body diagram Indicate the direction of each force. If the free body diagram is incorrect, the solution will likely be incorrect
Free Body Diagram
Free Body Diagram
Free Body Diagrams
Free Body Diagram Multiple Objects
Draw free diagram separately for each object

Free Body Diagram Multiple Objects
Draw free diagram separately for each object

Application Newtons Law of motion
Need to identify the forces acting on the object

Weight of object (gravitational force) Normal (reaction) force Object in contact with a surface Frictional force Connected objects Tension of string/ rope Other external force
Need to draw a free body diagram
A rough sketch to show all the forces on the object

Application Newtons Law of motion
Need to find the NET FORCE (addition of vectors)
Resolve vectors into components.

Parallel component Perpendicular component
Apply the Newton law of motion equation
Apply separately for each object component by component Simultaneous equation

Solve the equations

Chapter 3 NEWTON&#39;S

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Force and Motion

The Laws of Motion

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

Kinetics analyzes the cause of motion force

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

Sir Isaac Newton

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

Natural characteristic of an object

Tendency to remain at rest inertia

Tendency to continue in motion

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

Effect of force - change of velocity

From rest to move increase/ decrease in value change in direction both

Other effect of force - change of shape

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

External and Internal Forces

example: push, pull, gravitational force, magnetic force

example: vibration of atoms

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

Also called action at a distance

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

Newtons First Law

Newtons First Law

Also known as Law of Inertia

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

Newtons First Law

Nonzero net force

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

Newtons First Law

As long as no net force acting on an object

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

Newtons First Law

Newtons First Law

The object are in equilibrium if:

First condition of equilibrium

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

Newtons First Law

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

Force and momentum

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

Force and momentum

What is the relationship between force with momentum?

Newtons Second Law

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

Newtons Second Law Dp Fnet Dt

Rate of Change of momentum

Newtons Second Law

Newtons Second Law

SI unit of force is a Newton (N)

The force to change 1 kg of mass to accelerate at 1 m s-1. m 1 N 1 kg 1 2

Newtons Second Law

Newtons Second Law

If there is change in mass. Rate of change of momentum

Newtons Third Law

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

Newtons Third Law

Actually, either force can be the action or the reaction force

The action and reaction forces

act on different objects

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN ASP0501 Introduction to Mechanics

Chapter 3 NEWTON'S

Chapter 3 NEWTON'S