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We are born for cooperation, as are the feet, the hands, the eyelids, and the upper and lower jaws. ~Marcus Aurelius
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
copyright 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, inc. All Rights Reserved 1-1
Introduction
Groups and teams are different than solely the skills, abilities, values, and motives of those who comprise them. Groups are essential if leaders are to impact anything beyond their own behavior. Group perspective looks at how different group characteristics can affect relationships both with the leader and among the followers.
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Group Size
Leader emergence is partly a function of group size. As groups become larger, cliques are more likely to develop. Group size can affect a leaders behavioral style. Span of control Group size affects group effectiveness.
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Group Roles
Group roles: Sets of expected behaviors associated with particular jobs or positions.
Task role Relationship role
Group Norms
Norms: Informal rules groups adopt to regulate and regularize group members behavior. Norms are more likely to be seen as important and apt to be enforced if they:
Facilitate group survival. Simplify, or make more predictable, what behavior is expected of group members. Help the group to avoid embarrassing interpersonal problems. Express the central values of the group and clarify what is distinctive about the groups identity.
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Group Cohesion
Group cohesion: The glue that keeps a group together. Highly cohesive groups interact with and influence each other more than do less cohesive groups.
Greater cohesiveness does not always lead to higher performance. Highly cohesive groups may have lower absenteeism and lower turnover. Highly cohesive groups may sometimes develop goals contrary to the larger organizations goals.
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Organizational Shells
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Output
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Team Leadership Model, Robert C. Ginnett, Ph.D.: The Four Faces of the Engine of the Team Leadership Model
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Factors from the Normative Model of Group Effectiveness and the Interactional Framework
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Summary
Group perspective: Showed that followers behaviors can be the result of factors somewhat independent of their individual characteristics. Leaders should use a team perspective for understanding follower behavior and group performance. Team Leadership Model: Team effectiveness can be best understood in terms of inputs, processes, and outcomes.
By identifying certain process problems in teams, leaders can use the model to diagnose appropriate leverage points for action.
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