HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

BY: TBI-1 / 4th SEMESTER INDAH PERMATA SARI MHD. SYUKUR RUSYDI HASAN SURYANI HARAHAP

LECTURER: ZAINUDDIN, S. S, M. Hum

Introduction
Between 3500 BC and 2500 BC, the Indo-

Europeans began to fan out across Europe and

Asia, in search of new pastures and hunting grounds, and their languages developed - and diverged - in isolation. By around 1000 BC, the original Indo European language had split into a

dozen

or

more

major

language

groups

or

families.
By : TBI - 1 / Fourth Semester

The main major language groups are: Hellenic

Italic
Indo-Iranian Celtic

Germanic
Armenian Balto-Slavic Albanian
By : TBI - 1 / Fourth Semester

The Germanic Family of Languages

English is a member of the Germanic family of languages

By : TBI - 1 / Fourth Semester

History of English Language

A Short History of The Origins and Development of English

The history of the English language really started with the

arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the
By : TBI - 1 / Fourth Semester

Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and
northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from Englaland and their language was called Englisc - from which the words England and English are derived.

Celtic Language
Celtic was not the basis for what is now the English language. Despite their dominance in Britain at an early formative stage of its development, the Celts have actually had very little impact on the English language, leaving only a few little-used words such as brock (an old word for a badger), and a handful of geographical terms like coombe (a word for a valley) and crag and tor (both words for a rocky peak). Having said that, many British

place names have Celtic origins, including Kent, York,

London, Dover, Thames, Avon, Trent, Severn, Cornwall, Exeter and many more.
By : TBI - 1 / Fourth Semester

Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century.
By : TBI - 1 / Fourth Semester

Old English (mid 5th -12th century )

The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English (AngloSaxon). Old English did not sound or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English. Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. The words be, strong and water, for example, derive from Old English. Old English was spoken until around 1100.
Part of Beowulf, a poem written in Old English.

Middle English (late 11th - 15th century )

In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conquered England. The new

conquerors (called the Normans) brought with them a kind of

French, which became the language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a period there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today.
By : TBI - 1 / Fourth Semester

An example of Middle English by Chaucer.

Early Modern English (late 15th 17th century)

Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels

being pronounced shorter and shorter. From

the 16th century the British had contact with many people from around the world.

By : TBI - 1 / Fourth Semester

This,

and

the

Renaissance

of

Classical

learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now a common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London, where

most publishing houses were, became the standard.

In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.
By : TBI - 1 / Fourth Semester

Late Modern English (17th century-Present)

The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries.
By : TBI - 1 / Fourth Semester

Evolution of English Pronoun

Case Nominative Accusative Masculine/Femi nine (Person) Dative Instrumental Genitive hws whos whose Old English hw hwone / hwne whom hwm / hwm who / whom1 Middle English who Modern English who
By : TBI - 1 / Fourth Semester

Nominative
Accusative Neuter (Thing) Dative Instrumental Genitive

hwt
hwt hwm / hwm hw / hwon hws

what
what what / whom why whos why whose2

Interrogative pronouns 1. In some dialects who is used where Formal English only allows whom, though variation among dialects must be taken into account. 2. Usually replaced by of what (postpositioned).

First Person Personal Pronouns

Case Nominative Accusative Old English i m / me me Dative Genitive Nominative m mn w min / mi we my, mine we me Middle English I / ich / ik Modern English I
By : TBI - 1 / Fourth Semester

Singular

Accusative
Plural Dative Genitive

s / si us
s ser / re ure / our our, ours

us

(Old English also had a separate dual, wit ("we two") etcetera;

however, no later forms derive from it.)

Second Person Personal Pronoun

Case Nominative Accusative Singular Dative Genitive Nominative Plural Accusative Dative Genitive Old English / e n ow / owi ow ower your your, yours i / n / ne / thy /thin / thine ye / e / you you you, ya thy, thine (your) Middle English u / thou / thee Modern English thou (you)
By : TBI - 1 / Fourth Semester

thee (you)

Old and Middle English singular to the Modern English archaic informal Note that the ye/you distinction still existed, at least optionally, in Early Modern English: "Ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free" from the King James Bible

Third Person Personal Pronoun

Case Old English Middle English Modern English he

Nominative
Masculine Singular Accusative Dative Genitive Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive

H
hine him his ho he hire hire

he

him his

him His she

heo / sche / ho / he / ho
hire / hure / her / heore

Feminine Singular

her

hir / hire / heore / her her, hers / here

By : TBI - 1 / Fourth Semester

Case
Nominative

Old English
hit hit him his he he Him

Middle English
Hit/it Hit/it/him his / its he / hi / ho / hie / ai / ei hem / ham / heom / aim / em / am

Modern English
it its they them

Neuter Singular

Accusative Dative Genitive Nominative Accusative Dative

plural

Genitive

Hira

here / heore / hore / air / ar their, theirs

(The origin of the modern forms is generally thought to have been a borrowing from Old Norse forms ir, im, ira. The two different roots co-existed for some time, although currently the only common remnant is the shortened form 'em. By : TBI - 1 / Fourth Semester Cf. also the demonstrative pronouns.)

Sample The Changing of Pronunciation

Chaucers spelling lyf deed deel name hoom mone hous Chaucers Shakespeare Present-day Present-day pronunciation s pronunciation spelling pronunciation lif ded dl nm hm mon hus leif did del nm hom mun hous laif did dil neim houm mun haus life deed deal name home moon house
By : TBI - 1 / Fourth Semester

THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION