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GSM Networks
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Summary
Implementation Aspects
Implementation Aspects Key Differences Between Baseband and Synthesizer FH Baseband FH Synthesizer FH Logical Logical
Channel 1 2 3 4 RF1 RF2 RF3 RF4
Frame N 0 Frame N 1 Frame N 2 Frame N 3
Channel 1 2 3 4
Mobiles use Synthesizer Hopping only BS implementation: power down, synthesizer re-tuning and power up again within guard period 2 Synthesizers are implemented
Filter Combining
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
RF1..n
RF1..n
BB3
BB4
RF4
BB4
Wide band Higher insertion losses (~3 dB/stage On-air combining possible (DUCOM)
(BR 4.0)
Synthesizer hopping
BCCH TRX except for TS0 may hop BCCH TRX must not hop
Wideband Repeaters: Usable for SFH and BFH Careful implementation (amplification of signals in the whole frequency band)
Channel selective Repeaters: Usable for BFH Number of frequencies is limited Usually not usable in tight reuse scenarios
Dedicated Band
15 BCCH carriers 28 TCH carriers
90%@FER2% 5 hopping frequencies PC on, DTX on Dedicated Band 59.7% Common Band 54.3% MRP
[%]
71.8%
15 BCCH carriers
Tool
TCH 2 TCH 3
TCH 1
TCH 3
Fixed reuse scheme to all hopping cells possible reuses: 3/9, 2/6, 1/3, 1/1
Reliability
Neighbor Measurements BSIC Decoding BCCH Frequency active at all timeslots in the downlink
BCCH 13 BCCH 11
TCH A
TCH A
TCH B
TCH B
TCH C
3, 6, 9, 12, ...
TCH C TCH B
MAIO Sector 1
With a deliberately MAIO assignment and identical HSN assignment to sectors you can avoid adjacent-channel interference between the sectors within one site
Sector 2
Sector 3 Min # RF
1
0 6
3
2 12
5
4 18
...
...
Each sector within a site uses a different Frequency Group No co-channel collisions between sectors of a site Synchronisation between the sectors and MAIO management avoid adjacent channel collisions
TCH 1
TCH 3
TCH uses each frequency only part of the time (e.g. 50%) 50% fractional load
Each sector within a site uses the same frequency group Synchronisation between the sectors and MAIO management required to avoid co-channel collisions
TCH
Homogeneous network:
sequence
MA = 1,4,7,10,13,16,19,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,41
1. burst FN = 0: 2. burst FN = 1: MAI = (0 + 0) mod 15 = 0 MAI = (1 + 0) mod 15 = 1 ARFCN = 1 ARFCN = 4 ARFCN = ARFCN = 1 ARFCN = 4
N=15
14. burst FN = 14: MAI = (14 + 0) mod 15 = 14 41 15. burst FN = 15: MAI = (15 + 0) mod 15 = 0 16. burst FN = 16: MAI = (16 + 0) mod 15 = 1 etc...
S = M S = (M + T) modulo N
M = M modulo [2^Integer(log2(N)+1)] T = T3 modulo [2^Integer(log2(N)+1)]
if M < N else
Frequency Planning Example for MAIO Frequency group 1x1 reuse / Random Hopping (1, 2, 10, 7, . . . ) Management (I)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
BCCH
MAIO = 0 MAIO = 6 MAIO = 12
10
11
12
13 14 15
16
17
18
1 7 13
2 8 14
10 16 4
7 ... ...
...
...
... ...
14
2 8
6
12 18
5
11 17
MAIO = 4
TRX1
TRX1 MAIO = 2
TRX2 MAIO = 8 TRX3 MAIO = 14
3
9 15
4
10 16
12
18 6
9
... ...
...
16
17
18
MAIO = 16 TRX3
min # RF = number of hopping TRX (example 9 frequencies) Avoid Adjacent - channel collision: only odd or even RF numbers on air at same time
Minimum total number of frequencies for hopping system with MAIO - Management = 2* number of hopping TRX of site
(18 frequencies in example)
Frequency group: A: 1 4 7 10 13 16 B: 2 5 8 11 14 17 C: 3 6 9 12 15 18
TRX0
TRX1 TRX2 TRX3
Minimisation of interference
Frequency Assignment
Evaluation of the assignments C/I and FER plots C/I and FER analysis on per carrier basis
Frequency Planning Tools The SIEMENS Advanced Automatic Frequency Planning Efficient algorithms for different optimization targets: Tool
Minimizing global interference ...
Power Control
Discontinuous transmission
Very good results in European research program COST 259 benchmarks in quality of result at short execution times (typically seconds to minutes) High performance proved in live networks with different customers
Frequency Planning Tools Consideration of Radio Link Control Optionsgains and Automatic consideration of hopping
interference reduction due to PC and DTX on cell basis during
interference matrix calculation optimum assignment of frequencies by using highly efficient optimisation algorithms
on FER
Frequency Assignment Frequency Reuse & C/I values (Non Required no. of frequencies Hopping)
Cluster size / Reuse distance: q = SQRT(3*N) C/I rule of thump: C/I abs 1,5 * N2
N 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 18 20 Anzahl f 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 36 45 54 60 q 2,45 3,00 3,46 3,87 4,24 4,58 4,90 5,20 5,48 6,00 6,71 7,35 7,75 C/I [dB] 7,78 11,30 13,80 15,74 17,32 18,66 19,82 20,85 21,76 23,34 25,28 26,87 27,78
FER in %
3%
3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4
11 Sites 33 Cells
6 cells 2 TRX 12 cells 3 TRX 15 cells 4 TRX 33 TRX BCCH 75 TRX TCH
4 4 4
4
3
4
3
4 3 3
4
4 4 2
3 3
2 3 2
4
2
Frequency Assignment Example for Tool-supported Network Example: Planned Reuse channels (II) 11 Sites Given Spectrum: 42
33 Cells
6 cells 2 TRX 12 cells 3 TRX 15 cells 4 TRX
12 frequencies for BCCH - TRX 30 frequencies for TCH - TRX (hopping) 4 5 30/4 = 7.5 frequencies per cell in 30/5 = 6 frequencies per cell in
6
average
30/6 = 5
Frequency Assignment Example for Tool-supported Network Example: Planned Reuse (III) 11 Sites
33 Cells
6 cells 2 TRX 12 cells 3 TRX 15 cells 4 TRX
2/3
No. of TRX
6/4 4/6
4/6 3/4 4/ 3
1 Hopping TRX 3 4/6 6/4 frequencies 2 Hopping TRX 4 frequencies Frequency Reuse Factor: 3 Hopping TRX 6 156 / 33 = 4.7 frequ. / cell in average frequencies 30 frequ. / 4.7 frequ. per cell = 6.3
3/4
Frequency Assignment Example for Tool-supported Separations Planned Reuse (IV) for hopping TCH:
Intra cell separation: Intra site separation: Neighbour separation: 3 1 1
Interference Matrix for hopping TCH: co-channel: C/I curve 7 dB (50% probability) adjacent channel: C/I curve -6 dB (50% probability)
MAIO and HSN: HSN = 0 for all cells (cyclic hopping) MAIO = 0 for TRX1 (TRX0 = BCCH) MAIO = 1 for TRX2 MAIO = 2 for TRX3 etc.
Frequency Assignment Example for Tool-supported Example for a site Planned Reuse (IV)
Sector TRX BCCH 1 0 2 1 1 2 0 4 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 0 9 3 1 3 2 1 0 12 1 1 1 2 2 0 8 2 1 f1 19 13 13 13 15 15 22 22 16 f2 36 18 18 18 23 23 26 26 19 f3 41 21 21 21 27 27 34 34 28 25 25 25 32 32 40 40 30 30 30 42 42 42 f4 f5 f6 MAIO 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 HSN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0002
etc....
Frequency Planning Strategies Cyclic Hopping Principle of Cyclic Hopping Random Hopping
Cyclic hopping sequence {... f4, f0, f1, f2, f3, f4, f0, f1, f2, f3 ...}, MAIO 0 Cyclic hopping sequence {... f1, f2, f3, f4, f0, f1, f2, f3, f4, f5 ...}, MAIO 2
TDMA frame F r e q u e n c y f0 f1 f2 f3 f4
Optimum frequency Diversity Sufficient Interference diversity by avoiding frequency groups No Interference diversity using frequency groups
f0
f1 f2 f3 f4