--The Wireless Electricity.

By Karan Bir Singh E073026

What is witricity?
Witricity is nothing but wireless electricity. Transmission of electrical energy from one object to another without the use of wires is called as Witricity. Because of Witricity some of the devices won't require batteries to operate.

The story started late one night a few years ago. It was probably the sixth time that month that MIT Professor Marin Soljacic was awakened by his mobile phone beeping battery low. At that time it occurred to him that there is electricity wired all through his house, office-everywhere. He think about- how it is possible to use electricity without using wires

Electro magnetis m

Resonant magnetic coupling RESONAN CE

Electromagnetic induction is the production of voltage across a conductor moving through a magnetic field. Electromagnetism is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature, along with strong interaction, weak interaction and gravitation. It is the force that causes the interaction between electrically charged particles; the areas in which this happens are called electromagnetic fields Energy/Power Coupling: Energy coupling occurs when an energy source has a

Resonance :is the tendency of a system to oscillate with larger amplitude at some frequencies than at others. These are known as the system's resonant frequencies (or resonance frequencies). At these frequencies, even small periodic driving forces can produce large amplitude oscillations Resonant Magnetic Coupling: Magnetic coupling occurs when two objects exchange energy through their varying or

The Transfer of Electricity from one place to another without wires is known as Witricity. There is witricity power sources(transmitter) and capture devices(receiver). Power source provides power to the devices where as capture device captured it to work. Power source and capture devices are specially designed magnetic resonators. Magnetic resonators efficiently transfer power over mid-range distance via the magnetic near-field.

 Near field is a wireless transmission technique over distances comparable to or a few times the diameter of devices. Near field is usually magnetic. Near field energy is non radiative .but some radiative and resistive losses will occur.

Near field

Coupled resonators
Two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency tend to exchange energy. It exchange energy strongly ,while interacting weakly with living beings and other environmental objects. Coupled resonators are said to be operate in strongly coupled

MIT teams behind witricity technology The first experiment of witricity, the concept of wireless
electricity, was conducted in the year 2006, by researchers from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The Assistant Professor of this team of researchers was Marin Soljacic.

2007: A physics research group, led by Prof. Marin Soljacic,at MIT, wirelessly power a 60W light bulb with 40% efficiency at a 2 meters (6.6 ft) distance using two 60 cm-diameter coils

Schematic Diagram

Diagram of power source and capture device

Power source is connected to ac power. Bulb is connected to capture device. Blue lines represent the magnetic near field induced by the power source. Yellow lines represent the flow of energy from the source to the capture coil. This powers light bulb. The magnetic field can wrap around the obstacle between power source and capture coil.

Range & Rate of Coupling:

Using Coupled Mode Theory (CMT), we can give some frame work to the system. The field system of the two resonant objects 1, 2 is F(r,t)=a1(t)F1(r)+a2(t)F2(r) Where F1,2(r) are the resonating modes of 1 and 2 alone, and then the field amplitudes a1(t) and a2(t).The lower order representation of the system is given by :

Where 1, 2 are the individual frequencies, 1, 2 are the Resonance widths (Decay rates) due to the objects intrinsic (absorption, radiation etc.) losses, and is the coupling coefficient .

The solution of the equation show that at exact resonance at 1=2 and 1=2 the normal modes of the combined system are split by 2. Ratio { /sqrt (1, 2)} shows that, it will set as figure-ofmerit for any system under consideration for wireless energytransfer, along with the distance over which this ratio can be achieved. The desired optimal regime {/sqrt (1,2)>>1} is called Strong-Coupling regime. There is No change in Energy, unless />>1 is true.

Simulation model Using COMSOL:

Simulation Performance:
By the basic parameters, calculated results and performance given with and Without the External object in between the coils.

Comparison of Results:
Results without Extraneous objects: Two loops R=30cm,a=2mm, =10, d=4mm,Qabs=4886. D/r 3 5 Qrad 30729 29577 Q=/2 /2 4216 4194 63.7 248 / 68.7 17.8

Results with Extraneous objects: Two loops R=30cm,a=2mm, =49+16i, d=4mm,Qabs=4886. D/r 3 5 Qrad 30729 29577 Q=/2 4136 4106 /2 62.6 235 / 67.4 17.6

Witricity technology is more than

Traditional magnetic induction. Radiative power transfer. Teslas vision of a wireless world.

Used in power transformers. conductive coils transmit power to each other wirelessly, over very short distance. uses An electric tooth brush
traditional magnetic induction to recharge its batteries

Radio frequency energy is used for wireless power transfer. Radiated power is wasted into free space Need line of sight. Harmful.
Microwave oven utilizes radiation to cook foods

Nikola Tesla the most well known scientist had a vision of wireless world. In which wireless electric power and communication would reach around the world, delivering information and power.

WardenclyffeTower Dec 1914 US Patent No. :1,119,732

Features and benefits

Witricitys Technology Technology Benefit Highly resonant strong coupling High efficiency over distance Energy transfer via magnetic near field Non radiative energy transfer Scalable design Flexible geometry Can penetrate and wrap around obstacles Safe for living beings and other environmental objects From Mw to kW Device that can fit into OEM (original equipment manufactures)products

Applications

WITRICITY APPLICATIONS
Automatic wireless charging of mobile electronics in home, car, office,...while devices are in use and mobile. Direct wireless powering of stationary deviceseliminating expensive custom wiring, unsightly cables and wall-wart power supplies.

Robots, package machinery, assembly machinery, machine tools. Direct wireless power and communication interconnections at points of use in harsh environments. Direct wireless power for wireless sensors and actuators,

 Automatic wireless charging for existing electric vehicle classes: golf carts, industrial vehicles. Automatic wireless charging for future hybrid and allelectric passenger and commercial vehicles, at home, in parking

Other Applications Direct wireless

power interconnections and automatic wireless charging for implantable medical devices . Automatic wireless charging and for high tech military systems. Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging of smartcards. Direct wireless

ADVANTAGE S of line of No need

sight. No need of power cables and batteries. Wastage of power is Does not interfere . small Negative health with radio waves.

implications. Highly efficient than electromagnetic induction Less costly.

Limitations:
The

resonance condition should be satisfied and if any error exists, there is no possibility of power transfer. If there is any possibility of very strong ferromagnetic material presence causes low power transfer due to radiation.

References
Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances Andr Kurs,Aristeidis Karalis,Robert Moffatt,1 J. D. Joannopoulos,Peter Fisher, Marin Soljacic . Efficient wireless non-radiative mid-range energy transfer Aristeidis Karalis*, J.D. Joannopoulos, and Marin Soljai Center for Materials Science and Engineering and Research Laboratory of Electronics Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA . Magnetic Resonant Coupling As a Potential Means for Wireless Power Transfer to Multiple Small Receivers.