FIRST AID

FUGRO GEOTECH LIMITED

Leaders in Geotechnical Engineering and Survey on Land and
over Water

www.fugro.com PRESENTATION BY : Mr. Prem Prakash Dubey, Logistics Manager

 INDEX OF CONTENTS

Introduction
Do’s and Don’ts
Qualities of a First Aider
Responsibilities of First Aider
Types of Injuries
Type of Casualties
Causes of Unconsciousness & First Aid
Immediate Actions & Responsibilities
Various Emergencies and their First Aid
Management

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 First Aid

First Aid is the initial and fore most help and treatment given
to a casualty/ patient by anyone before a specialized doctor
or hospital is approached.

Purpose of First Aid

 Preserve Life
 Prevent things from worsening
 Promote recovery and safe transportation
to a specialized doctor/ hospital.

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 Never Forget

• First Aider is not a doctor, he can save the life

but the doctor can do the wonders if life is
remaining in the patient. First aider is never
supposed to declare any casualty or patient as
DEAD.
• In no circumstances a first aider has to stop his
life-saving endeavor.
• Any person who takes initial care of a patient is
a FIRST AIDER.

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 Qualities of a FIRST AIDER

• Good Observer
• Able to act quickly
• Calm and Collected
• Able to lead and control the crowd and take the help of the on-
lookers.
• Self confident and able to judge which injury needs to be
tackled first.
• Able to reassure the apprehensive victim and his/ her anxious
or nervous relatives by demonstrating competence,
expressing sympathy and providing reassurance

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 Responsibilities of a FIRST AIDER

1. He should diagnose the cause of casualty by

LOOK, LISTEN, FEEL, SMELL.

– Look at the casualty’s skin tone- any blue grey or purple

coloured tone is the sign of an ill person.
– Listen for the sound of the casualty’s groaning,
coughing or spluttering, if not the person needs
immediate treatment.
– Feel for the pulse of the casualty as well as watch for
the movement of the chest.
– Smell for any gas or alcoholic cause of the casualty.

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 Responsibilities of a FIRST AIDER

1. Casualty is to be treated before taking him/ her to Doctor or hospital.

Even during the time of transportation first aid is not to be stopped.

– He can be suffering from following lacks:-

– Lack of Breathing.
In this situation he can be given Artificial Breathing or Mouth to Mouth
Respiration. A normal healthy person’s rate of breathing is 15- 20 breaths
per minute. Brain damages if deprived of Oxygen for 4-6 minutes.

For this casualty is to be treated as follows:-

(a) Airway (Mouth, Nose and Wind pipe) are to be cleared.
(b) Artificial breathing is to given for maintaining Artificial Breathing.
(c) Respiration (Inhalation and Exhalation) is to be maintained.

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 Responsibilities of a FIRST AIDER

(ii) Lack of Heart Beat.

In such situations heart needs to be compressed. Normally a healthy
person’s heart beats 60-80 times per minute. If breathing stops before
the cardiac arrest, a person can survive for few minutes because the
oxygen stored in the lungs helps him survive but if heart fails to
function before breathing, a casualty collapses immediately.
Hence cardiac arrest is to be treated first.
– Cardiac compressions are not only adequate for the oxygenation of the blood, so
artificial breathing is also required to be established during heart compressions.
– The ratio of heart compressions and artificial breathing is as follows:-
Two Rescuer - 15:2 (Heart compression: Artificial Breathing)
Single Rescuer - 5:1 (Heart compression: Artificial Breathing)

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 Responsibilities of a FIRST AIDER

Disposal to Hospital/ Doctor.

The casualty is to be immediately transported
safely without worsening the situation by
arranging any stretcher or improvised one.

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 Rescue & Transportation of Casualty

Cradle Method
Neck Drag Method
Human Crutch
Method
Pick a back

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 Rescue & Transportation of Casualty

Fireman’s lift

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 Rescue & Transportation of Casualty

Two handed seat

Three handed seat

Four Handed Seat

Fore & Aft methods

Kitchen Chair Carry Method

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 Injuries

Types of Injuries
– Choking
– Head Injury – Heart Stroke
– Hand Injury – Snake Bite
– Eye Injury – Drowning
– Fire Burn – Frost Bite
– Acid Burn – Earth Quake
– Alkali Burn – Electric Shock
– Cold Burn – Poisonous Gas
– Heart Attack – Fainting
– Fracture – Epilepsy
– Back Injury – Poisoning
– Amputation

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 Casualty

 There are two types of casualties.

 Conscious Casualty : Responsive to painful stimulus

 Unconscious Casualty : Unresponsive to painful stimulus

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 Causes of Unconsciousness

• Brain Injury
• Fits or Convulsions
• Lack of Cerebral Circulations
• Brain Tumor
• Exposure to extreme cold
• Exposure to extreme heat
• Severe Infections
• Severe Injuries
• Severe Burns
• Drug Reaction
• Electric Shock
• Failure of Liver and Kidney
• Poisoning with Chemical gas or Alcohol
• Severe Heart Attack
• Drowning
• Diabetes or over dose of Insulin
• Severe Bleeding or Fluid Loss

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 First Aid to Unconscious Casualty

• Maintain airway and clear it.

• See that there is free supply of fresh air and the air passage is free.
• Take the casualty away from the harmful gases if any or if inside the
room open the doors and windows.
• Check whether any teeth is broken if yes remove it from mouth.
• If saliva, vomit or blood inside the mouth clear it with cotton cloth.
• Correct the tongue, it might have fallen back and obstructing the
pharynx.
• Keep the patient warm but ensure he is not over heated.
• Keep back the crowd.
• If breathing is stopped, put him on hard surface in supine position
(laying face upward) and start artificial respiration immediately.
• Listen to the heart beat sound and feel pulse at wrist (Radial Artery)
and neck (Carotid Artery).
• Check the pupils of the patient if they are dilated or constricted. When
the heart stops beating the pupils will stay dilated and will not
respond to light.

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 First Aid to Unconscious Casualty

• Start heart compressions at once without wasting time.

• Watch for continuously for any change in the condition of
pulse, respiration and levels of responsiveness.
• If respiration and pulse are restored then place the person
in recovery position, head on a pillow.
• Don’t leave the casualty until handed over to the doctor or
more specialized first aider.
• Nothing should be given orally until consciousness
returns.
• Restore heart beat and breathing.
• Control bleeding.
• Remove poison.
• Prevent any further injury to the patient.

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 First Aid to Unconscious Casualty

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 Vital Signs

• Breathing - 15-20 breaths per minute

• Pulse/ Heart BEAT - 60-80 beats per minute
• Body Temp - 98.6º F or 37 ºC
• Blood Pressure - 120/ 80
• Blood in Body - 4-5 Ltrs.

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 Immediate Action/ Responsibility in case of Casualty

• Gain access to the patient in the easiest and fastest way.

• Look to your own safety, don’t become the next casualty.
• Observe the accident scene and assess the situation.
• If necessary remove the casualty from the danger or
danger from the casualty.
• If necessary direct others to direct traffic. Keep bystanders
at a safe distance. Make essential telephone calls, send
for help.
• Find out whether the casualty is unconscious, conscious
alive or dead.
• Identify the disease or condition from which casualty is
suffering.
• Give immediate, appropriate and adequate first aid
measures to a casualty. Give priority to casualty with
severe bleeding, absent pulse or breathing and loss of
consciousness.
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 Immediate Action/ Responsibility in case of Casualty

• Bear in mind that a casualty may have more than one injury
and that some injuries will require more urgent attention
than others.
• Don’t enter an enclosed space until you are a trained
member of rescue team.
• If the casualty is evacuated to safer place, he is to be kept
being given first aid during transportation.
• Arrange without delay for shifting of the casualty to a doctor
or to a hospital in such a manner as not to worsen the injury
in transit.
• Keep a record of the patient, his condition, the incidence
and witnesses.
• Once a first aider has started the care, he should not leave
the scene of the casualty or stop the care until a qualified or
responsible person relieves him.

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 Things to remember as a First Aider

• First Aider should not open any wounds

which have already been bandaged by
some body.
• He should not declare any casualty as
DEAD because as soon as patient is
declared dead, all the actions to survive
him stop. Only a qualified doctor can do
that.
• Perform proper transportation techniques.

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 CPR (Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)

A - Airway Clearance
B - Assist in Breathing
C - Establish Circulation

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 Bleeding

Effects of Bleeding

– Loss of red blood cells causes a lack of oxygen supply to the body systems.
– A decrease in blood volume causes a decrease in blood pressure.
– The heart’s pumping rate increases to compensate for reduced blood pressure.
– The force of the heart beat is reduced since there is less blood to pump.

Bleedings are of two types

1. External Bleeding.

Minor Bleeding - Clean wounds.

- Do dressing.

Major Bleeding - Apply direct Pressure.

- Elevate the injured part if possible.
- Use pressure on the pressure points.
2. Internal Bleeding
- Carry out ABC.
- Treat shock.

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 Burns and Scalds

• Burns and Scalds are dangerous because not only

they cause death, but delayed effects like scarring
and deformity which can be quite distressing.
• Burns are the injuries that result from dry heat like;
• Fire
• Contact with hot metals
• Chemicals (e.g. Nitric Acid, Sulphuric Acid,
Ammonia, Caustic Soda)
• Electricity & Radiation.
• Scalds are injuries caused by moist heat like boiling
water, steam (e.g. oil, hot tar and hot liquids)

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 Burns and Scalds

• The result of the burns and scalds are same.

• Frost bite is a kind of cold burn.
• The common denomination in all these is ‘TISSUE
LOSS’.
• Shock develops in shock because plasma leaks out
of the circulatory system into the burnt area.
• Infection is the main risk in case of burns because
skin is damaged and there is no protection against
micro organisms’ penetration into body. The major
function of our skin is to prevent these micro
organisms entering into our body.

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 Burns and Scalds

Severity of skin burn is assumed by two methods:-

1. Depth of skins involved.

Superficial - Reddish in colour and blisters.

Deep - Burnt areas look raw with whitish on black base.

2. Surface Area of skin involved.

“Rule of 9’s” is used to estimate the surface

area of skin involved.
Head : 9%
Left Hand : 9%
Right Hand : 9%
Chest and Abdomen : 18%
Back (including hips) : 18%
Left Leg : 18%
Right Leg : 18%
Genital : 1%

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 First Aid Management in case of burns

– Put out the fire by pouring in water. Don’t allow the person on fire
to run about especially in fresh air.
– If someone’s clothing is on fire, by far the best way to put the fire
out is to use a dry powder fire extinguisher at once.
– Immerse the burnt part into water into room temperature using a
bucket, a bowl, a kitchen sink or hold the effected area under
running cold water. Keep the part in cold water for 15-20 minutes
or until pain disappears. If it’s not possible sock a clean cloth in
cold water and put it over the burnt area. It needs to be changed
frequently. Application of cold water removes residual heat from
the tissues and prevents further damage.
– Cover burnt area with sterile dressing or freshly laundered linen.
Avoid exposure to air. In case of burns over face make the
dressing in the shape of mask with holes at the level of nose for
breathing.

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 First Aid Management in case of burns

– Remove rings, bracelets, shoes and any other light fitting

articles as swelling may develop later on making it
difficult to remove them.
– Arrange for immediate transfer to hospital.
– Give plenty of fluids to drink if patient can tolerate.
– If large area is damaged pack ice in a clean towel and
apply it to the burnt area during transfer to a hospital.
– Don’t put oil, lotions, ointment on burnt area.
– Don’t pull away burnt clothing stuck to the body.
– Don’t handle or touch the patient other than absolutely
necessary.

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 First Aid Management in case of burns

• In chemical burns, the damage continues

as long as the chemical remains in contact
with the skin.
– Remove contaminated clothing carefully after
soaking in water. Take care not to contaminate
yourself.
– Flood the affected area with water thoroughly
and systematically for 10-15 minutes. Soda
bicarbonate solution can be used to wash acid
burns and vinegar to wash alkali burns before
washing with water.

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 Drowning

In drowning water is filled up in the lungs

replacing the oxygen, deprivation of which
can cause brain damage in few seconds.
The deprivation of oxygen in the body is
called Asphyxia.
Artificial Respiration
Removal of water pressing at back
Sylvester Method

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 First Aid Management for Drowning

• Quickly remove any obstruction such as sea

weed, mud from the mouth and start artificial
respiration immediately. This is done to remove
the water filled up in the lungs while drowning.
• If within your depth use one arm to support the
casualty’s body and use the other hand to support
the head and seal the nose while you perform
mouth to mouth respiration.
• If in deeper water, give the occasional breaths of
air while towing the casualty ashore.
• Turn the victim’s face down with head to one side
and arms stretched beyond his head.

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 First Aid Management for Drowning

• Use postural drainage to clear the aspirated water.

• Raise the middle part of the body. Press chest and
stomach to press the lungs and to remove water
from the lungs.
• Check breathing and heart beat and continue
recitations if necessary.
• As soon as breathing, keep the casualty in recovery
position.
• Remove the wet clothing , Keep the body warm,
cover with blankets, give hot drinks (Coffee, tea,
soup, milk), but not alcohol.
• Shift him to hospital in recovery position.

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 Checking Signs of Recovery

• Look at the casualty’s skin tone- blue, grey or purple

coloured tone should disappear as the skin regains a
healthy colour.
• Listen for the sound of the casualty groaning, coughing or
spluttering as spontaneous breathing recommences.
• Feel for the pulse returning as well as movement and
resistance as you administer artificial respiration and
spontaneous breathing recommences.
• Once the casualty has resumed spontaneous breathing
the first aider can treat such serious life threatening
injuries as shock, major bleeding, burns etc.
• If the casualty is conscious, constantly reassure him when
the emergency service arrives, you should tell them what
type of treatment you have administered.

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 Shock

Shock is the state of inadequate tissue

perfusion. In other words it is a state in which
not enough oxygen and nutrients are being
delivered to the cells to keep them alive.
Shock is the result of a decrease in the vital
functions of various organs of the body that
results from a decrease in effective
circulating oxygenated blood or fluid in the
body as a result of injury or illness.

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 First Aid Management for Shock

• Reassure and comfort the casualty if conscious.

• Remove the cause of shock, this includes
controlling of bleeding, restoring breathing and
relieving severe pain.
• Loosen the tight clothing to help circulation and
assist breathing.
• Keep the patient warm, but don’t overheat.
• Check breathing rate, pulse rate and level of
consciousness.
• Keep the patient in recovery position.
• If breathing and heart beat stops, clear and
establish airway, begin artificial respiration.

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 Fractures

Femur fracture Upper Arm

Fracture

Mandible Fracture

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 Positioning of casualty

Recovery Position Prone & Supine Positions

Fowler’s Position Recumbent Position

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 THANK YOU

THANK YOU VERY MUCH !!!

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