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What is a Distributed System Why bother with them? Examples of Distributed Systems Common Characteristics Summary
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Outline
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
What is a Distributed System Why bother with them? Examples of Distributed Systems Common Characteristics Summary
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What is Distributed?
Data are Distributed
If data must exist in multiple computers for admin and ownership reasons
Computation is Distributed
Applications taking advantage of parallelism, multiple processors, particular feature Scalability and heterogeneity of Distributed System
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Control
Autonomous fully cooperative Local data, local directory Autonomous transaction based Master-slave Not fully replicated master directory Fully replicated
Homog. Homog. Processors general special purpose purpose Heterog. Heterog. special general purpose purpose
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A distributed system consists of a collection of autonomous computers, connected through a network and distributed operating system software, which enables computers to coordinate their activities and to share the resources of the system, so that users perceive the system as a single, integrated computing facility.
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Component .. Component
1 n
Middleware
...
Network
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3. Common Characteristics
What are we trying to achieve when we construct a distributed system? Certain common characteristics can be used to assess distributed systems
Resource Sharing Openness Concurrency Scalability Fault Tolerance Transparency
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3.2 Openness
Openness is concerned with extensions and improvements of distributed systems. Detailed interfaces of components need to be standardized and published. It is crucial because the overall architecture needs to be stable even in the face of changing functional requirements.
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3.3 Concurrency
Components in distributed systems are executed in concurrent processes. Components access and update shared resources (e.g. variables, databases, device drivers). Integrity of the system may be violated if concurrent updates are not coordinated.
Lost updates Inconsistent analysis
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3.4 Scalability
Adaptation of distributed systems to
accommodate more users respond faster (this is the hard one)
3.6 Transparency
Distributed systems should be perceived by users and application programmers as a whole rather than as a collection of cooperating components. Transparency has different aspects that were identified by ANSA (Advanced Network Systems Architecture). These represent properties that a well-designed distributed systems should have They are dimensions against which we measure middleware components.
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Dimensions Of Transparency
Scalability Transparency Performance Transparency Failure Transparency
Migration Transparency
Replication Transparency
Concurrency Transparency
Access Transparency
Location Transparency
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4. Summary
What is a distributed system and how does it compare to a centralised system? What are the characteristics of distributed systems? What are the different dimensions of transparency?
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