Chapter 5 Water and Solution

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Water is the most abundant substance on earth. Like any other substances, water has its own unique characteristics.

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5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

A. Physical Characteristics of Water

1. Water can exist in three states:

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a. Solid

b. Liquid

c. Gas

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

2. At room temperature, pure water is a a. colourless, b. odourless and

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c. tasteless.

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5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

Freezing Point of Water

liqui d

soli d

1.Water changes fromwater is the temperature at Freezing point of liquid to solid at its freezing point. which water freezes into ice.

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5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

2. The freezing point of pure water is 0 oC.

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3. The temperature remains constant at 0 oC until water freezes completely.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

When the temperature drops, the water particles move slower.

Click to edit Master subtitle style Therefore, the forces of attraction among the particles grow stronger.

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At 0 oC, the forces of attraction are so great

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

Boiling Point of Water

liqu gas id es 1. Water boils at its boiling point. Boiling point of water is the temperature at Click to edit Master subtitle style which water boils and becomes steam.

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5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

2. The boiling point of pure water is 100 oC.

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3. The temperature remains constant at 100 oC until 2/22/13 water boils completely.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

When the temperature rises, the water particlesmove faster and further apart. Therefore, the forces of attraction among particles grow the Click to edit Master subtitle style weaker. At 100 oC, water particles move so fast that they overcome the forces of attraction and leave the liquids surface.

Waterbecomessteam!
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5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

5. Water conducts heat slowly. Water is a poor thermal conductor. 6. Water is also a poor electrical conductor. 7. The density of water varies with temperature. Master the maximum density of 1 Click towater has subtitle style Pure edit g per cm3 at 4 oC.

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5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

B. Effects of Impurities on the Physical Characteristics of Water 1. Impurities in water can change the physical characteristics of water. Sometimes the change is noticeable and sometimes it is not.

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5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

characteristic Taste Odour Colour Density

2. Here are some Physical examples:

Example

Purewateristastelessbutseawaterissalty. Purewaterisodourless.Waterwithdecayedmatterhasanunpleasant smell. Purewateriscolourlessbutmuddywaterisbrownishincolour.

Click to edit Master subtitle style Purewaterislessdensethanseawater.

Purewaterwithafewdropsofsulphuricacidcanconductelectricity.
o

Electricalconductivity Freezingpoint

Purewaterfreezesat0Cbutseawaterfreezesatalower temperature.
o

Boilingpoint

Purewaterboilsat100Cbutseawaterboilsatahighertemperature.

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5.2 Composition of Water

Composition of Water

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1. Water is a compound. It is made of two different Hydrog Oxyg elements. en en

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Water

5.2 Composition of Water

2. Water can be broken down to its elements through electrolysis.

A method to break down a compound by passing an electric current through its liquid or solution

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5.2 Composition of Water

3. The volume of hydrogen released is always twice the volume of oxygen released.
Oxygen is released at Click to edit Master subtitle style the anode Hydrogen is released at the cathode

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5.2 Composition of Water

4 .
Water is made up of one part of oxygen and two parts of hydrogen.
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Oxygen atom Hydrogen atoms

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5.2 Composition of Water

5. Therefore, scientists represent water with following the formula:

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H Represents the hydrogen

atom 2 Shows that there are two atoms of hydrogen O Represents the oxygen atom

H2 O

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Applying the principle of water evaporation In our daily life. 1. To drying clothes 2. To drying hair 3. To drying agriculturalstyle produce Click to edit Master subtitle 4. To drying fish and prawn 5. To cooling the body 6. To producing the common salt
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5.4 Solution and Solubility

Solution and Solubility

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5.4 Solution and Solubility

1. What is a solution?

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A solute is the substance that dissolves. substance that the A solvent is the solute dissolves in.

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5.4 Solution and Solubility

2. Depending on the amount of solutes in solutions, there are three types of solutions.

Dilute solution

Concentrated Solution solution Click to edit Master subtitle style Contains a lot of dissolved solute

Saturated solution Contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute Cannot dissolve any more solute

Contains a little dissolved solute

Can dissolve a little bit Can dissolve All these solutions have a clear a more solute lot appearance 2/22/13 more solute

5.4 Solution and Solubility

1. What is a suspension? A suspension is a mixture containing substance insoluble s. 2. There are many suspensions around us. Muddy water, fruit juices, chocolate drink, blood
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5.4 Solution and Solubility

1. What is solubility? of a solute is the maximum amount of solute The solubility

in grams that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a temperatur given e.

For example, the solubility of sodium chloride is 38 g per 100 Click to edit Master subtitle style g of water at 20 oC. This means that you can dissolve not more than 38 g of sodium chloride in 100 g of water at 20 oC.

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5.4 Solution and Solubility

2. Factors Affecting the Solubility of a Solute a. The nature of the solvent b. The nature of the solute
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c. The temperature of the solvent

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5.4 Solution and Solubility

i. The nature of the solvent - The solubility of a solute differs in different solvents. Example:
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Only a little iodine can dissolve in water. Iodine can dissolve very well in alcohol.

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5.4 Solution and Solubility

ii. The nature of the solute Different solutes have different solubility in the same solvent.
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Example: At 2/22/13 the same temperature, sodium chloride has a

5.4 Solution and Solubility

1. What are the factors affecting the rate of dissolving a solute? a. Temperature b. Rate of Clickstirring to edit Master subtitle style c. Size of solute particles

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5.4 Solution and Solubility

i. Temperature
The higher the temperature of the solvent, the higher the rate of dissolving.
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: We use hot water to make tea. One reason for this is 2/22/13 hot water increases that

5.4 Solution and Solubility

ii. Rate of stirring

The higher the rate of stirring, the higher the rate of dissolving. Master subtitle style Click to edit

:
2/22/13 The faster you stir the

5.4 Solution and Solubility

iii. Size of solute particles

The smaller the size of the solute particles, the higher the rate ofto edit Master subtitle style Click dissolving.

Smaller pieces of palm 2/22/13 sugar can dissolve in water

5.4 Solution and Solubility

Water is a good solvent. Almost everything can dissolve in it to produce solutions. Therefore, water is also known as universal the solvent. Water acts as a medium in many chemical reactions in our body. Click todissolves andsubtitle style Water edit Master transports many substances in our body such as digested food and waste products. Water dissolves cleaning agents such as soap powder, dishwasher liquid and toilet cleaner.
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5.4 Solution and Solubility

Water dissolves various substances. This enables us to use water in cooking and making drinks.

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Water is used extensively in food industry as a solvent.

Water is used to prepare traditional and modern liquid medicines.

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5.4 Solution and Solubility

Some substances cannot dissolve in water but they can dissolve in organic solvents.

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What are organic solvents?

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Alcohol

Turpentin

Acetone

5.4 Solution and Solubility

1. We use many organic solvents in various products.

To produce various types varnishes To produce lacquers and of ink Alcohol To prepare iodine solution (as an antiseptic) Click to edit Master subtitle style To produce perfume

To produce paints Turpenti 2/22/13 ne To remove paint stains

5.4 Solution and Solubility

2. Organic solvents are very useful to us. a. They are volatile. Therefore, products such as paints, lacquers, varnishes and inks become dry in a short period of time. b. They can dissolve many solutes that do not dissolve in water. Click to edit Master subtitle style 3. However, products containing organic solvents should be are handled carefully. a. They flammable and should be stored away from heat. b. They are toxic and carcinogenic (likely to cause 2/22/13 cancer).

1 .

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An acid is a substance that has a hydrogen atom, which can be replaced by a metal or ammonium.

2 2/22/13 .

Acid can be divided into two groups and differences are shown below

ACI D Organic acid Inorganic acid

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Example Acetic acid Formic acid Lactic acid Malic acid Citric acid Tannic acid

Example Sulphuric acid Nitric acid Hydrochloric

3.An acid exist in three state which are a. solid tartaric acid b. liquid ethanoic acid c. gas hydrogen chloric

4. The properties of acids a. Taste sour b. Click to edit Master subtitle style Are corrosive c. Change blue litmus paper to red d. Have pH values of less than 7 e. React with carbonates to release carbon dioxide acid + cabonates salt and water salt + water + carbon dioxide and form
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f.

React with active metals to release hydrogen and form salt. acid + metal salt + hydrogen

g. React with alkalis to form salt and water acid + alkali

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salt + water

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1 .

An alkalis is hydroxide or metal oxide that dissolves in water.

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2 .

Example: potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide solutions.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Alkalinity Acidity to edit Master subtitle style Click increases increases neutr al

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5.5 Acid and Alkali

Neutralisation

+ wat s al er Neutralization is a process t Not whereWhere acid reacts with alkali, salt and water are formed.
ac id alk ali

e:

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Different kinds of acids and alkalis will form different types of salt.

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5.6 Water Purification

Natural Sources of Water

Natural Sources of Water From lakes, streams, Click to edit Master subtitle stylerivers, ground water (well) and rain Salty From Ocean Not suitable for human consumption
Fresh Water But not pure, need to be purified

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a. Most pure b. Has very little dissolved substances and a little Click dust to edit Master subtitle style

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a. Not clean b. Has a lot of dissolved substances and dirtsuch as microorganisms and silt
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a. Has microorganisms and dissolved substanc es b. Cleaner than river

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a. Has the most substances of salt b. Has the most of dirt.

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5.7 Water Supply System

Usage of Water

Domestic Agricultural Usage of Use Use Water of Water of Water

Direct Use of Rivers and Streams

Industrial Use of Water

Click to edit Master subtitle style Drinking Generate Washing Irrigation Hydroelectric Watering Aquaculture Power Plants Recreation Transportation 2/22/13

Cooling Washing Disposal of Waste

METHOD OF PURIFICATION

Chlorination

Click to edit Master subtitle style Chlorine solution

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Filtratio n
Muddy water

Fine sand Coarse sand Click to edit Master subtitle style Pebbles Gravel filtra te

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Boilin g

filtra te

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Distillatio n

Wat er out Click to edit Master subtitle style Mud dy Wate r Liebig condense r

Water in Distille d

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1. Water from natural sources have various impurities such as microorganisms, dissolved gases, mineral salts and silt. 2. Water from natural sources must be purified so that it save to drink and use. 3. Table shows the advantage and disadvantage of water purification. Master subtitle style Click to edit

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Waterpurificationmethod

advantage
Waterisclear

disadvantage
Waterstillhas

a. Filtration

Onlyremoves

impuritiesthatare coarsesuchas suspendedsubstances. Sandfiltersare commonlyused

andfree suspended particlesonly

microorganisms anddissolved substances (suchas mineralsalts)

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b. Distillation Prepares pure or distilled water

Water is free from all suspended substances, microorganis ms and dissolved substances.

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Water does not make good drinking because it does not contain dissolved mineral with our body need.

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c. Boiling andchlorination

Only kills microorganisms in water

Water is free from dangerous microorganisms

Water still has dissolved substances and suspended substances.

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WATER TREATMENT PLANT

1. Refer to your text book pg. 36 and draw figure 5.34 PRESERVATION OF WATER QUALITY

1. Find out the ways to control water pollution on page 41.

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