TOUCH SCREEN TECHNOLOGY

Submitted By:-Peeyush Tapadiya BE IIIrd Year, VIth Sem Branch:-Elex & Telecommunication Class Roll No.:-AB35068 Enrollment No.:-0801EC101060
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OVERVIEW Introduction Timeline Components Technology Conclusion References

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INTRODUCTION
A touchscreen is an electronic display that the user can control through touch gestures by touching the screen. Some touchscreens can detect objects such as a stylus or ordinary or specially coated gloves. Touchscreens are used in mobiles, printers, GPSs, ATMs, public kiosks etc.
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TIMELINE
1948-Touch technology begins with touch sensitive music synthesizers. 1965-The first touch screen developed by E.A. Johnson of Englands Royal Radar Establishment. 1982-First multitouch device. 1984-First multitouch screen. 1993-First touch screen phone by IBM.
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COMPONENTS
A basic touchscreen has three main components: 1 Touch sensor 2 Controller

3 Software driver

The touchscreen is an input device, so it needs to be combined with a display and a processor or other device to make a complete touch input system.
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Touch Sensor
A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. The sensor generally has an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the screen can cause a voltage or signal change.

This change is used to determine the location of the touch to the screen.
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Controller
The controller connects between the touch sensor and the processor. It takes information from the touch sensor and translates it into information that processor can understand. Controllers are available that can connect to a Serial/COM port, USB port, DVD players and other devices.
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Software Driver
The driver allows the touchscreen and computer to work together. It tells the computer's operating system how to interpret the touch event information that is sent from the controller.

The touchscreen can work with existing softwares without the need for touchscreen specific programming.
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TECHNOLOGY
Resistive Surface acoustic wave Capacitive Infrared grid Optical imaging Dispersive signal technology Acoustic pulse recognition
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RESISTIVE
The resistive touch screen constructed of 2 sheets of material separated slightly by spacers. A sheet of glass provides stable bottom layer and a sheet of polyethylene(PET) act as a flexible top layer. The 2 sheets are coated with a metal compound called Indium Tin Oxide(ITO).
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Tiny bumps called spacers dots are added to the glass side, on top of the resistive ITO coating, to keep the PET film from sagging, causing an accidental or false touch. When the PET film is pressed down, the two resistive surfaces meet. The position of the touch along the sensor changes the voltage being sent through the circuit. The screen's controller measure the coordinates of the touch and feed this information to the running software. Conversion is typically handled using an analog-todigital converter that, with typical 10-bit resolution, can differentiate up to 1,024 different locations across each axis.
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Typical Resistive Touch Screen Construction

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Resistive touchscreen

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Advantages: Low cost solution Multi-touch capable Low power consumption Liquids do not affect touch screen performance Works with finger, gloves and any pointing device

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Disadvantages: Resistive layers can be damaged by a sharp object Less durable than other touch technologies Lower transmittance and overall optical quality

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USES:Resistive touchscreen technology is widely used in demanding workplace applications such as Point-of-Sale and cash register systems, restaurant and bar systems, automation / operator controls, and more.

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SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVES

Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) touch screen technology is based on sending acoustic waves across a clear glass panel with a series of transducers and reflectors. When a finger touches the screen, the waves are absorbed, causing a touch event to be detected at that point.
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Typical SAW Touch Screen

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Advantages: Durable glass construction High optical clarity Activated by a finger, gloved hand or soft tip
Disadvantages: Affected by large amounts of dirt, dust, and / or water in the environment Relatively expensive in comparison to other technologies

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SURFACE CAPACITIVE
The surface capacitive touch screen has a conductive coating on the front surface with wires connected to each corner. A small voltage is applied to each of these 4 corners. The operation relies on the capacitance of the human body.

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Surface Capacitive Touch Screen

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Advantages: Long lasting High optical clarity Unaffected by moisture, rain or temperature
Disadvantages: Only accepts finger input Accuracy is dependent on capacitance of person touching the display Ideal for public access applications
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PROJECTED CAPACITIVE
Projected capacitive touch screen designs have a sensing mechanism (ITO layer) that lies behind the touch surface. It makes use of the fact that most conductive objects are able to hold a charge if they are very close together. During a touch, capacitance forms between the finger and the sensor grid. The controller in the touchscreen calculates the coordinates and transmits them for processing.
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Projected Capacitive Layers

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Advantages: Works with water High resolution abilities Operates in environmental extremes Multi-touch capable - up to 10 fingers Works with finger, gloves and any pointing device Plastic versions are light-weight and breakresistant Flexible sensors can be contoured to curved surfaces
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INFRARED
Infrared (IR) technology relies on the interruption of an IR light grid in front of the display screen. The touch frame contains a row of IR LEDs and photo transistors, each mounted on two opposite sides to create a grid of invisible infrared light.

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 The IR controller sequentially pulses the LEDs to create a grid of IR light beams. When a stylus, such as a finger, enters the grid, it obstructs the beams. One or more photo transistors from each axis detect the absence of light and transmit signals that identifies the x and y coordinates.

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Infrared Touchscreen Sensing

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Advantages: Clear as glass, improves reading ability Most durable surface High clarity and light transmission High durability since a touch is only interrupting light beams

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Technology Transparence

Capacitive Very good >92% Good

SAW Very good >92% Good

Infrared Very good >92% Limited due to spacing of IR sensors Potential for False activation or dead zones From Surface Contaminants Any substrate

Resistive 75%~85%

Resolution

good

Surface Contaminants /durability

Resistant to moisture and other surface contaminants

Adversely affected by moisture or Surface contaminants

Unaffected by Surface contaminants. Polyester top sheet is easily scratched Polyester top sheet, glass substrate with ITO coating up to 19" Can use any pointing device 30

Sensor substrate Glass with ITO Glass with ITO coating coating

Display size Touch method

8.4"-21" Human touch

10.4"-30" finger, gloved hand or soft tip

10.4"-60" Can use any pointing device

Conclusion: Designers are trying to use touch screen to simplify input commands.
Today , touch screen has becomes adopted by computers users of all abilities because it is simple, fast and innovative. In future there is no usage of mouse and keyboards as they will be replaced by touch screen
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References:-

1. Wikipedia 2. How stuff works 3. Touchinternational 4. Elo Touch Solution 5. Analog.com

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Thank You
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