THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

Particulate Nature of Matter

Matter- anything that has mass and occupies space
Particle + particle = matter

atoms particle ions

molecules

Iron (Fe) from iron atom

NaCl from sodium ions and chloride ion

H2O from water molecules

 Atoms

an atom is the smallest particle of an element example : O for oxygen atom Molecules contains two or more atoms which are bonded together ( maybe same element or not ) example : H2 and CCl4 Ions -ions are charged either positive or negative -are form in liquid or molten state -lose electron (+ ion),gain electron (- ion) example : Na+ , Mg2+ , Br-

Kinetic Theory of Matter

Solids

- strong forces of attraction - particle only vibrate (fixed shape and volume) Liquids - force of attraction weak than solid - particle can move around (follow container shape) Gases - no attraction between particles - particle move faster and freely (zigzag)

 Diffusion

- example : perfume - light and small particle diffuse faster - heavy and large particle diffuse slow

Change in the state of matter

The Atomic Structure

Democritus

Democritus proposed that if a piece of gold cut into smaller until cannot cut anymore, called atom. John Dalton (1766-1844)

J.J.Thomson (1856-1940)
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) Neils Bohr (1885-1962)

James Chadwick (1891-1974)

John Dalton(1766-1844)
In 1808, he proposed : 1. All matter is composed of atoms. 2. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed. 3. All the atoms of an element are identical. 4. The atoms of different elements are different. 5. When chemical reactions take place, atoms of different elements join together to form compounds.

J.J.Thomson (1856-1940)
It was the first model of the atom. 2. 1897- Thomson discovered the electron (negativelycharged). 3. Thomson suggested that an atom is a positivelycharged sphere with electrons embedded in it like a raisin pudding.
1.

Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)

1914- Rutherford discovered the proton 2. Rutherford model was based on the alpha particle scattering experiment 3. He proposed 1) all the positive charge of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus 2) an atom consists of a positively-charged nucleus with a cloud of electrons surrounding the nucleus
1.

Neils Bohr (1885-1962)

He was a student of Rutherford
He proposed

1) electrons are arranged in orbits (electron shells) around the nucleus of the atom 2) electrons in a particular path have a fixed energy. To move from one orbit to another, an electron must gain or lose the right amount of energy

James Chadwick (1891-1974)

He proposed that the nucleus of the atom contains

proton and neutron and the nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of electrons

Proton number and nucleon number

Proton number = the number of protons in an atom Also known atomic number No two different element have same proton number

Atom are neutral. Proton number also tells us number

of electron. Nucleon number also known mass number Nucleon no. = proton no. + neutron number How nucleon no. and proton no. of an element is written ?

Symbol of elements
Most symbols are taken from the English name

Element
Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Boron

Symbol

H C N
B

 Some symbol are made up of two letters

Zinc Aluminium Calcium silicon Zn Al Ca Si

Some symbols are based on the Latin or Greek name

Silver Copper Iron Gold Ag Cu Fe Au

Isotopes and their importance

Are atoms of the same element with the same proton

no. but different nucleon no. or neutron no. Isotopes of an element have same chemical properties but different physical properties Example of isotopes Some isotopes are stable while the rest unstable ( radioactive isotopes)

Uses of isotopes
Medicine

Cobalt-60 is a radioactive isotope of cobalt. It decays by giving out gamma radiation. In radiotherapy, maglinant cancer cells are killed by directing a beam of gamma rays towards cancer cells Agriculture radiation from radioisotopes is used to sterilise pests such as insects that destroy crops. Industry Gamma radiation is used to detect whether canned food or bottled drink is completely or partially filled

Electronic structure of an Atom

The electron in atom are arranged in shell around its

nucleus Electron start to fill up the shells from the inner shells The first shell is the shell that nearest to nucleus and can hold just 2 electrons Second shell can hold 8 electrons Third shell can hold 8 electrons All of this is called the electron arrangement or electronic configuration of the atom Draw electronic arrangement if proton number is 4,5 and 6

Valence electrons
Outermost shell of an atom is called the valence shell This shell should have electrons before it can be called

a valence shell The electrons in the valence shell are called the valence electrons Elements with the same number of valence electrons have the same chemical properties Lets see the example susunan elektron.swf