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.
) (
=
N
N
y y
N
s
est
y
M
1
) (
.
2
= =
o
200 ; 5 ; 10 : ; 10 :
1 0
= = = = N s H H
y
35 .
14 . 14
5
200
5
. = = = =
N
s
est
y
M
o
05 . 96 . 1 83 . 2 ; 83 . 2
35 .
) 10 11 (
11 < > =
= = p z y
Difference Between Means (2)
We can estimate the standard error of
the difference between means.
For large samples, can use z
2
2
2
1
. . .
M M diff
est est est o o o + =
diff
est
y y
diff
z
o
2 1 2 1
) (
=
3 ; 100 ; 12
2 ; 100 ; 10
0 : ; 0 :
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 1 1 2 1 0
= = =
= = =
= =
SD N y
SD N y
H H
36 .
100
13
100
9
100
4
. = = + =
diff
est o
05 . ; 56 . 5
36 .
2
36 .
0 ) 12 10 (
< =
=
= p z
diff
Independent Samples t (2)
(
+
+
+
=
2 1
2 1
2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
.
N N
N N
N N
s N s N
est
diff
o
diff
est
y y
diff
t
o
2 1 2 1
) (
=
7 ; 83 . 5 ; 20
5 ; 7 ; 18
0 : ; 0 :
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
2 1 1 2 1 0
= = =
= = =
= =
N s y
N s y
H H
47 . 1
35
12
2 7 5
) 83 . 5 ( 6 ) 7 ( 4
. =
(
+
+
=
diff
est o
. . ; 36 . 1
47 . 1
2
47 . 1
0 ) 20 18 (
s n t
diff
=
=
=
t
crit
= t(.05,10)=2.23
Confidence Intervals in t
With a small sample size, we compute the same numbers
as we did for z, but we compare them to the t distribution
instead of the z distribution.
25 ; 5 ; 10 : ; 10 :
1 0
= = = = N s H H
y
1
25
5
. = = =
N
s
est
y
M
o
1
1
) 10 11 (
11 =
= = t y
064 . 2 ) 24 , 05 (. = t
1<2.064, n.s.
Interval =
] 064 . 13 , 936 . 8 [ ) 1 ( 064 . 2 11
M
t y o
Interval is about 9 to 13 and contains 10, so n.s.
(c.f. z=1.96)
Rejection Regions (1)
1-tailed vs. 2-tailed tests.
The alternative hypothesis tells the tale
(determines the tails).
If
100 :
0
= H
100 :
1
= H
Nondirectional; 2-tails
100 :
1
> H 100 :
1
< H Directional; 1 tail
(need to adjust null for
these to be LE or GE).
In practice, most tests are two-tailed. When you see
a 1-tailed test, its usually because it wouldnt be
significant otherwise.
Rejection Regions (2)
1-tailed tests have better power on the
hypothesized side.
1-tailed tests have worse power on the
non-hypothesized side.
When in doubt, use the 2-tailed test.
It it legitimate but unconventional to use
the 1-tailed test.