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Stratification of materials
group entries on the basis of certain traits - maturity, market class, color, etc. then analyze in separate trials if entries are random effects, you can conduct a number of smaller trials and pool results to get better estimates of variances
Use of controls
systematically or randomly placed controls can be used to identify site variability and adjust yields of the entries
replication basis
Field operations can be conducted in stages (planting,
experiment
If you have two or more complete replications, you can
t = number of treatments s = number of blocks per replicate k = number of units per block (block size) b = total number of blocks in the experiment r = number of complete replicates
Lattice Designs
Square lattice designs number of treatments must be a perfect square (t = k2) blocks per replicate (s) and plots per block (k) are equal (s = k) and are the square root of the number of treatments (t) for complete balance, number of replicates (r) = k+1 Rectangular lattice designs t = s*(s-1) and k = (s-1) example: 4 x 5 lattice has 4 plots per block, 5 blocks per replicate, and 20 treatments Alpha lattices t = s*k more flexibility in choice of s and k
Randomization
Field Arrangement blocks composed of plots that are as homogeneous as possible Randomization Using Basic Plan randomize order of blocks within replications randomize the order of treatments within blocks
3 Randomize order of replications Block 1 2 3 Rep I 147 258 369 Rep II Rep III Rep IV 123 168 159 456 249 267 789 357 348
Analysis
Details are the same for simple, triple and
quadruple
Nomenclature: yij(l) represents the yield of the j-th treatment in the l-th block of the i-th replication Two error terms are computed Eb - Error for block = SSB/r(k-1) Ee - Experimental error = SSE/((k-1)(rk-k-1))
Adjustment factor
Compare Eb with Ee - If Eb < Ee
then blocks have no effect analyze as if it were RBD using replications as blocks
ANOVA
Source Total Rep Treatments Block(adj) Intrablock error df rk2-1 r-1 k2-1 r(k-1) (k-1)(rk-k-1) SS SSTOT SSR SST SSB SSE MS
Eb Ee
Testing differences
To test significance among adjusted treatment
Standard Errors
SE of adjusted treatment mean
= Ee / r
same block
= (2Ee/r)(1+(r-1)A)
different blocks
= = (2Ee/r)(1+rA) 2Ee / r
Relative Precision
Compute the error mean square of a RBD ERB = ((SSB+SSE)/(k2-1)(r-1)) Then the relative precision of the lattice is RP = ERB/Ee
76.6
3.9
.34
2.67
330.5 30.5
Second Rep
RepBlk II 1 2 (23) 7.7 (5) 15.8 (22) 10.2 (14) 10.9 (6) 20.0 (18) 15.2 (20) 18.0 (12) 11.5 (24) 4.7 (16) 21.1 Yield (3) 19.1 (10) 18.8 (2) 17.0 (9) 10.9 (11) 16.9 (8) 15.5 (15) 14.4 (17) 11.0 (4) 16.6 (21) 10.9 (13) 14.7 (25) 20.0 (7) 15.3 (19) 9.8 (1) 15.0 Sum SUM
Bil Cil
Adj
3
4 5
(3)
(8) (13) (18) (23)
36.4
31.8 26.1 24.7 15.5
(4)
(9) (14) (19) (24)
37.1
22.8 22.8 28.0 10.6 SUM
(5) 28.8
(10) 36.0 (15) 28.6 (20) 28.1 (25) 39.2 691.5
(11) 30.3 (12) 24.8 (16) 34.1 (17) 17.7 (21) 25.0 (22) 17.2
ANOVA
Source df SS MS
Total
Replication
49
1
805.42
18.60 621.82
Selection (unadj) 24
77.59
87.41
9.70=Eb
5.46=Ee
Eb is greater than Ee so we compute the adjustment factor, A A = (Eb - Ee )/(k(r-1)Eb ) = (9.70 - 5.46)/((5)(1)(9.70)) = 0.0874 Multiply A by the treatment/block sums (C) to get the adjusted totals
Then SST(adj)=
SST A*k(r-1){ [ r * SSBu/(r-1)(1+kA) ] - SSB} 621.82-(0.0874)(5)(1) { [ (2 x 252.18)/1 * (1+5*0.0874)]-77.59} = 502.35
Test Statistics
FT to test differences among the adjusted
treatment means:
(SST(adj)/(k2-1))/Ee (502.35/24)/6.26 = 3.34
Standard Error of a selection mean = Ee/r = 6.26/2 = 1.77 LSI can be computed since k > 4 ta 2Ee/r = 1.746 (2x6.26)/2 = 4.37
Relative precision
How does the precision of the Lattice compare
because of economic considerations, a 5x5 simple lattice design was used LSI at the 5% level was 4.37 Five new selections outyielded the long term check (12.80kg/plot) One new selection (4) with a yield of 19.46 significantly outyielded the local check (1) None of the new selections outyielded the late release whose mean yield was 19.00 Use of the simple lattice resulted in a 10% increase in precision when compared to a RBD
Cyclic designs
Incomplete Block Designs discussed so far require extensive tables of
design plans. Must be careful not to make mistakes when assigning treatments to experimental units and during field operations
Cyclic designs are a type of incomplete block design that are relatively
5, 6, 0
Alpha designs
Patterson and Williams, 1976 Described a way to construct incomplete block designs for
any number of treatments (t) and block size (k), such that t is a multiple of k. Includes a(0,1)-lattice designs.
-designs are available for many (r,k,s) combinations
r is the number of replicates k is the block size s is the number of blocks per replicate number of treatments t = ks
Alpha designs
Design Software
The current version of Gendex can generate designs with up to 10,000 entries
http://www.designcomputing.net/gendex/
Evaluation copy is free