Animal & Human Tissues and Organ Systems The Multicellular Body

Information downloaded off of the internet on 3-17-06 and modified from:

http://www2.una.edu/ekbruce/BI%20102%20Lecture/ch2 0%20lecture.ppt http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey= 10360

Stem Cells
Cells that have the capacity to give rise to many cell types Some in adult tissues But more cells with greater potential in embryos Some object to the use of cells derived from human embryos

Impacts, Issues

Homeostasis
Stable operating conditions in the internal environment
Brought about by coordinated activities of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

Tissue
A group of cells and intercellular substances
that interact in one or more tasks Four types Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue

Organs
Group of tissues organized to perform a task or tasks
Heart is an organ that pumps blood through body Heart consists of muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue

Organ Systems
Organs interact physically, chemically, or both to perform a common task
Circulatory system includes the heart, the arteries, and other vessels that transport blood through the body

Epithelial Tissue
Lines the bodys surface, cavities,
ducts, and tubes

One free surface faces a body fluid or

the environment
basement membrane

simple squamous epithelium

connective tissue

Epithelial Tissue 3 types

Squamous flat cells Cuboidal cube-shaped cells Columnar pillar or column-shaped cells

310887

Credit: Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited

Simple Squamous Epithelium. LM X75.

301193

Credit: G.W. Willis, MD/Visuals Unlimited

Stratified squamous epithelium from mouth mucosa. H&E stain. LM X100.

316434

Credit: Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited

Human kidney tubule section showing cuboidal epithelium. LM X360.

164740

Credit: G.W. Willis, MD/Visuals Unlimited

Human pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the bronchus of the lung. H&E stain. X180.

310845

Credit: Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited

Simple columnar epithelium. LM X140.

Glands
Secretory organs derived from epithelium Exocrine glands have ducts or tubes
- Secrete products into cavities

Endocrine glands are ductless

- Secrete products directly into bloodstream

Cell Junctions
Tight junctions prevent leaks Gap junctions connect abutting cytoplasms Adhering junctions cement cells together
Tight Adhering Gap junctions junction junctions

Connective Tissue
Most abundant tissue in the body Cells are scattered in an extracellular matrix Matrix is collagen and/or elastin fibers in a polysaccharide ground substance

Types of Connective Tissue

Loose connective tissue Dense, irregular connective tissue Dense, regular connective tissue Cartilage Bone Adipose tissue Blood

Loose Connective Tissue

Contain fibers and fibroblasts
Fibroblasts produce and secrete the fibers

Loosely arranged in a semifluid substance Acts as the framework for epithelium Allows organs to expand

Dense, Irregular Connective Tissue

Contains fibroblasts and collagen fibers Occurs in skin and forms tough capsules around organs

Dense, Regular Connective Tissue

Contains rows of fibroblasts in between parallel bundles of fibers Tendons attach muscle to bone Ligaments attach bone to bone Contains elastic fibers that allow movement at joints

loose connective tissue

dense, irregular connective tissue

dense, regular connective tissue

317178

Credit: Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited

Areolar (loose) connective tissue. LM X60.

98964

Credit: Dr. David Phillips/Visuals Unlimited

Collagen or dense connective tissue. X155.

Cartilage
Cells are called chondrocytes Cells lie in small chambers called lacunae, separated by a matrix Also called hyaline cartilage

98769

Credit: Dr. Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited

Hyaline cartilage. X64.

Bone
Cells are called osteocytes Cells are located in chambers called lacunae arranged in concentric circles Also called compact bone

319245

Credit: Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited

Bone section showing osteocytes in lacunae arranged in concentric circles surrounding Haversian canals. LM X75.

Adipose
Another name for fat Insulates the body and provides padding Cells sometimes referred to as ghost cells

164732

Credit: G.W. Willis, MD/Visuals Unlimited

Human unilocular (white) fat and adipose (adult fat). H&E stain. LM X100.

In-text Figure Page 346

Blood
Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes Blood cells are separated by plasma Types red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

97962

Credit: Dr. Gopal Murti/Visuals Unlimited

Human blood smear showing red and white blood cells.

Figure 20.3g Page 346

cartilage

bone tissue

adipose tissue

Muscle Tissue
Composed of cells that contract when stimulated Helps move the body and specific body parts Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Figure 20.4 Page 347

Skeletal muscle

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle

Skeletal Muscle
Located in muscles that attach to bones Long, cylindrical cells are striated Cells are bundled closely together in parallel arrays

Smooth Muscle
Located in walls of many internal organs and some blood vessels Cells are not striped and taper at the ends

Cardiac Muscle
Present only in the heart Cells are striated and branching Ends of cells are joined by communication junctions

Nervous Tissue
Detects stimuli, integrates information, and relays commands for response Consists of excitable neurons and supporting neuroglial cells

Figure 20.5 Page 347

98121

Credit: BBC Microimaging/Visuals Unlimited

Neurons (nerve cells) are specialized cells that conduct nerve impulses. The impulses are then relayed through a long process called the axon. LM.

Neurons
Excitable cells When stimulated, an electrical impulse travels along the plasma membrane Arrival of the impulse at the neuron endings triggers events that stimulate or inhibit adjacent neurons or other cells

Neuroglia
Neuroglial cells constitute more than half of the nervous tissue Protect and support the neurons, both structurally and metabolically

Major Organ Systems

Integumentary Muscular Skeletal Nervous Endocrine Digestive Lymphatic Respiratory Urinary Circulatory Reproductive

Integumentary System

Muscular System

Skeletal System

Nervous System

Endocrine System

Circulatory System

Lymphatic System

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Urinary System

Reproduction System

Major Body Cavities

Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity

Figure 20.6 Page 348

Planes of Symmetry

frontal plane (aqua)

transverse plane (yellow)

midsagittal plane (green)

DORSAL SURFACE
transverse midsagittal

ANTERIOR

POSTERIOR

frontal

VENTRAL SURFACE

Primary Tissues
In vertebrate embryos, cells become arranged to form three primary tissues: Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm These give rise to all adult tissues

Skin: An Organ System

Outermost epidermis is stratified epithelium Underlying dermis is mainly dense connective tissues Hypodermis consists of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

Functions of Human Skin

Protects the body from injury, dehydration, UV radiation, and some pathogens Helps control temperature Receives some external stimuli Involved in production of vitamin D

In-text Figure Page 350

Lab grown epidermis

Sunlight Damages Skin

UV light stimulates melanin production in skin; produces a tan Tan is the bodys way of protecting itself against UV Prolonged sun exposure causes elastin fibers to clump, skin to age prematurely, can lead to skin cancer

Figure 20.9 Page 351

Figure 20.10 Page 351

Sunlight causes skin ulcers in a person with porphyria

Porphyria: A diverse group of diseases in which the production of heme is disrupted. Porphyria is derived from the Greek word "porphyra", which means purple. When heme production is faulty, porphyrins are overproduced and lend a reddish-purple color to urine. All forms of porphyrias are inherited. The key clinical features are skin sensitivity to sunlight and/or by intermittent acute attacks of abdominal and nerve pain.