CHAPTER 3

MOIST AIR PROPERTIES AND THE CONDITIONING PROCESS

PSYCHROMETRICS

Psychometrics: Deals with the properties of moist air. Willis Carrier made a significant contribution to air conditioning field when he published relations of moist air properties and developed the PSCHROMETRIC CHART.

ATMOSPHERIC AIR
A mixture of multiple gasses plus water vapor and pollutants.

In 1949 the International Joint Committee on Psychrometric Data published a standard composition of dry air Table 3-1

Subtitles can get confusing when dealing with air water vapor mixtures
Try to remember these subtitles: a: dry air v: water vapor in mixture of air and water vapor. s: saturated vapor (entirely water vapor)

Based on these properties we can find molecular mass Ma of dry air as: Ma = (32.00 x 0.2095) + (28.016 x 0.7809) + (39.944 x 0.0093) + (44.010 x 0.0003) = Ma = 28.965

The ideal gas law tells us that:

P v = P/ = RaT We also know that the gas constant (Ra) of an ideal gas can be expressed as: Ra = /Ma
Where, is the universal gas constant = 1545.32 (ft-lbf)/(lb mole-R) and Ma is the molecular mass of dry air from table 3-1 = 28.965

Ra = 1545.32/28.965 = 53.352 (ft-lbf)/(lb mole-R)

HVAC Processes involve a mixture of dry air and moist air: The molecular mass of water (Mv) is 18.015
Therefore we can find the gas constant for water vapor as Rv = / Mv Rv = 1545.32/18.015= 85.78 (ft-lbf)/(lb mole-R)

For the purpose of HVAC design and analysis ASHRAE developed a definition of the US standard atmosphere as:

Acceleration due to gravity (constant) = 32.174 ft/sec2 Temperature at sea level = 59.0 F (70 F also used) Pressure at sea level = 29.921 in. Hg (30 in. often used) The atmosphere consists of dry air which behaves as a perfect gas Density of air at standard sea level = 0.0765 lbm/ft3

To deal with the issue of changes in altitude above sea level at different locations throughout the world, ASHRAE developed the following relation:

P= a + bH
Where, P is pressure in inches of mercury (in. Hg) H is elevation above sea level in Feet (appendix B) a and b are constants given in table 3-2

Lets look at moist air properties

Table A-1a in Appendix A gives properties of saturated air (steam) at various temperatures We can use these properties to find the mass density of saturated air:

= 1/v = pv /RvT
Where, = mass density of saturated air v = vapor volume (ft3/lb) pv = partial vapor pressure (lbf/in2) T = temperature (R = F + 460) Rv = gas constant for water vapor (85.78 (ft-lbf)/(lb mole-R)

Lets look at an example

Find the mass density of a saturated mixture of air and water vapor at 80 F. (100% RH)
Step 1: Look up saturation pressure in Table A-1a for 80 F. we get Ps = 0.507 lbf/in2. For saturated air Ps = Pv We know that Rv = 85.78 (ft-lbf)/(lb mole-R)

= Pv/ Rv T = (0.507)(144)/(85.78)(459.67+80) = 0.001577 lbm/ft3

We could also find density as:

= 1/v
where v is the vapor volume of the saturated air at 80 F from table A-1a which equals: = 1/632.67 = 0.00158 lbm/ft3 we got = 0.001577 lbm/ft3

Some important psychometric terms:

Humidity Ratio (W) : the ratio of mass of water vapor (mv) to mass of dry air (ma) in a mixture. Defined as: W= mv / ma Relative Humidity () : the ratio of the mole fraction of water vapor (xv ) in a mixture to the mole fraction of water vapor (xs ) in a saturated mix at same temp. and pressure. = [xv / xs ] t,P

Recall that In a mixture of ideal gases, each gas has a partial pressure which is the hypothetical pressure of that gas if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature. The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture such that for a mixture of dry air and water vapor we get; p = pa + ps

For a mixture of perfect gasses the mole fraction can be expressed as the partial pressure of each constituent:

Xv = pv /P and Xs = ps /P
So now we can reduce the relative humidity ( ) to: = [xv / xs ] t,P = (pv /p)/ (ps /p) = pv /ps

So far, weve derived the relative humidity () to be equal to the partial pressure of the water vapor (pv) in the mixture divided by the partial pressure of the vapor in a saturated mixture (ps) such that = pv /ps
we can go another step, we derived earlier that: v = pv / Rv T and s = p/ Rv T Since we assume temperature of dry air and vapor in the mixture to be the same, T and R cancel out leaving us with: = [v / s ] t,P

So we now have:
= [v / s ] t,P Where the densities v and s are referred to as the absolute humidity of the water vapor which defines the mass of water per unit volume of a mixture.
Values for v and s can be found in table A-1a

The humidity ratio (W) can also be stated as:

W = m v p v / m a p a = 18.015 p v /28.965 p a W = 0.6219 p v / p a
We can derive a relationship between relative humidity () and humidity ratio (W). We have: W = 0.6219 p v / p a and = Pv /Ps

W = 0.6219 p v / p a
= pv /ps : pv = ps

and = Pv /Ps

W = 0.6219 p v / p a

and

W = 0.6219 p s / p a

Substituting pv = ps yields, W = 0.6219 ps / p a = Wp a / 0.6219 p s

 The degree of saturation () is the ratio of humidity ratio (W) to the humidity ratio (Ws) of a saturated mixture (at same T and P) = [W/Ws] t,p

The dew point (td): the temperature that moist air first starts to condense when cooled. The dew point is fixed by the humidity ratio (W) or by the partial pressure of the water vapor (pv).

 The ehthalpy (i) of a mixture of perfect gasses is equal to the sum of the ehthalpy of each constituent, i = ia + W iv
Where, ia is the enthalpy of dry air and iv is the enthalpy of water vapor

Because the amount of moisture in a air-water vapor mix can vary in some processes we reference the enthalpy to unit mass of dry air. Therefore, enthalpy values have the units of Btu/Lb dry air and kJ/kg dry air

If we assume ideal gas behavior and select T=0 as our reference state the enthalpy becomes a function of temperature ONLY since ia = 0 at T=0F and is = 1061 Btu/lb at T=0F
Using T=0 as a reference point allows use to use the following simple relations:

ia = cpa t iv = is + cpv t

ia = cpa t iv = is + cpv t
We know is = 1061Btu/lb at T=0F
We can check these relations by setting t=0 We get: ia = ccp (0) = 0

iv = is + ccv t = 1061 + ccv (0)= 1061 Btu/lb

IT WORKS!!!

If we combine these two relations to reflect a mixture of dry air and water vapor we get:
im = cpa t + is + cpv t For HVAC work its acceptable to assume cpa and cpv remain constant as; Cpa = 0.240 Btu/(Lbm-F) Cpv = 0.444 Btu/(Lbm-F) Cpa = 1 kJ /kg-C Cpv = 1.86 kJ /kg-C

If we plug the values for Cpa and Cpv into these relations for I we get:

im = 0.240(t) + W(1061.2 + .444(t)) Btu/Lba

and im = 1.0(t) + W[2501.3 + 1.86(t)] kJ/kga Remember these relations!!!

Lets try an example: Compute the enthalpy of saturated air at 60F and standard atmospheric pressure (14.696).
use im = 0.240(t) + W(1061.2 + .444(t)) Btu/Lba Hint: you first have to find Ws using Ws = 0.6219 p s / p a where p s is found in table A-1a for t = 60F OK, one more hint, you can find p a as p (atmospheric) - p s

Ws = 0.6219 (p s / p a )= 0.6219 (p s / p-p s )

We find p s from table A-1a for 60F

p s = 0.2563 lb/in2
Ws = 0.6219 [0.2563/(14.696-0.2563)]=0.01104 lbmv/lbma
Note that units of pressure lb/in2 or lb/ft2 doesnt matter because they cancel out anyway!!

im = 0.240(t) + W(1061.2 + .444(t)) im = 0.240(60) + 0.1104(1061.2 + .444(60)) im = 26.41 Btu/Lba

In HVAC Design, we are often given certain parameters such as inlet air temperature, exiting air temperature, humidity ratio etc. The concept of Adiabatic saturation yields certain useful relations.

Air exiting the device at point 2 is assumed to be saturated such that the relative () is 100%.
t*2 is adiabatic saturation temperature or thermodynamic wet bulb temperature. If we consider that the device is operating at a steady flowsteady-state an energy balance on the device yields several useful relations.

pv2 = ps2 at t*2 i *fg2 = enthalpy of vaporization at t*2 i *fg2 = iv1 - i *w at t*2 iv1 = enthalpy of the vapor at t1 i *w = enthalpy of water at t*2 All of these values can be found in table A-1a

Now the Adiabatic Saturation Relations

W1 = [((t*2- t1)) + (W*s2)(i*fg2)] / (iv1 - i*w)

= .

Lets try the example in the text together

To solve this problem well use our saturation equation:W1 = [((t*2 - t1)) + (W*s2)(i*fg2)] / (iv1 - i*w) We either are given or can look up in table A-1a except W*s2 but we now know that:

= .

Lets find all the values together

Were given t1= 80F, t2= 64F, patm = 14.696 lbf/in2 Use Table A-1a
Find pv2 as pressure at t2= 64F (interpolate): pv2 = 0.299 Find i *fg2 as iv1 - i *w at t*2 = 64F (interpolate) 60F : iv1 - i *w = 1087.4 - 28.0 = 1059.4 70F : iv1 - i *w = 1091.7 - 38.0 = 1053.7
Interpolate for 64F: [(1059.4 - 1053.7)/10] x 4 = 2.28 1059.4 - 2.28 = 1057.1

Find iv1 at t1= 80F

Find i *w

iv1 = 1096 at t*2 = 64F (interpolate)

i *w = 32

Now its all plug and play

t1= 80F, t*2= 64F, patm = 14.696 lbf/in2, pv2 = 0.299 i*fg2= 1057.1, iv1= 1096, i*w= 32, = 0.24 First lets find W*s2 =
.

. . .

W*s2= 0.0129 lbmv/lbma

Now we can find W1= [((t*2 - t1)) + (W*s2)(i*fg2)] / (iv1 - i*w)

W1= [(. (64 - 80)) + (0.0129)(1057.1)] / (1096 - 32) W1= 0.0092 lbmv/ lbma

Now we need to find relative humidity 1 We know that the relative humidity 1 = pv1 /ps1 We can easily find ps1 for the saturated vapor exiting at 80F from table A-1a as ps1 = 0.507 so, So all we need to do now is find pv1 but how? We can use the relation: W1 = 0.6219 (p v1 / p-p v1 )

We found W1= 0.0092 lbmv/ lbma so then we should be able to solve for p v1

 = . . / = . . = 0.2142 lb/in2 And now we can find 1as: 1 = pv1 /ps1 = 0.2142/0.507 = 0.423 or 42.3 % RH

YOUR TURN!!!!
Find the humidity ratio (W), enthalpy (i), and specific volume (v) for saturated air at standard atmospheric pressure (p=14.696 lb/in2) at a temperature of 80F.

Solution t = 80F p = 14.696 lbm/in2 Pv =0.507 lbm/in2

= .
= 0.0222 lbv/lba

= .

. ..

use im = 0.240(t) + W(1061.2 + .444(t)) Btu/Lba

im = 0.240(80) + 0.0222(1061.2 + .444(80)) = 43.55 Btu/Lba

And, v = Ra T / Pa=[ 53.35(460 + 80)] / [(14.6965-0507)(144)] v = 13.61 ft3/lbm

Summary of Moist Air Relations

Subtitles
a: dry air v: water vapor in mixture of air and water vapor. s: saturated vapor (entirely water vapor) Gas Constants

Dry Air: Ra = 53.352 (ft-lbf)/(lb mole-R) Water Vapor: Rv = 85.78 (ft-lbf)/(lb mole-R)

Density = 1/v = pv /RvT

Where, = mass density of saturated air v = vapor volume (ft3/lb) pv = partial vapor pressure (lbf/in2) T = temperature (R = F + 460) Rv = gas constant for water vapor (85.78 (ft-lbf)/(lb mole-R)

Also remember that, = 1/v

Humidity Ratio
= W = and Ws =

W =0.6219 and Ws= 0.6219

Relative Humidity =

and

pa . ps

Also remember that pa = patm - ps

Enthalpy of moist air ia = cpa t iv = is + cpv t imix = ia + W iv and im = cpa t + is + cpv t

Specific heat for HVAV work (assume remains constant)

Cpa = 0.240 Btu/(Lbm-F) Cpv = 0.444 Btu/(Lbm-F)

Cpa = 1 kJ /kg-C Cpv = 1.86 kJ /kg-C

So, entering specific heat values yields:

im = 0.240(t) + W(1061.2 + .444(t)) Btu/Lba And im = 1.0(t) + W[2501.3 + 1.86(t)] kJ/kga

Examples
Find density of sat. mix air and water vapor at 80F Pv = Rv T Find Pv at 80 F in table A-1a as Pv= 0.507 lbf/in2 We know that Rv = 85.78 (ft-lbf)/(lb mole-R) So then, Pv (0.507)(144) = = = = 0.001577 lbm/ft3 Rv T (85.78)(460+80)

Find density of sat. mix air and water vapor at

a) b) c) d) 32F 45F 95F 212F

Pv = Rv T
Pv (0.089)(144) = = = = 0.0003037 lbm/ft3 Rv T (85.78)(460+32) Pv (0.150)(144) = = = = 0.0004986 lbm/ft3 Rv T (85.78)(460+45) Pv (0.8245)(144) = = = = 0.002494 lbm/ft3 Rv T (85.78)(460+95) Pv (11.526)(144) = = = = 0.02932 lbm/ft3 Rv T (85.78)(460+200)

Find the humidity ratio (W) of saturated air at atmospheric pressure and temperature of: a) b) c) d) 32F 60F 95F 110F

Ws = 0.6219

and =

at t= 32F = 0.089 lbm/in2

Ws 32F= 0.6219

0.089 lbm/in2 = 0.6219 14.696 lbm/in2 0.089 lbm/in2 0.256 lbm/in2 = 0.6219 14.696 lbm/in2 0.256 lbm/in2

Ws32F = 0.003789 lbwater vapor/lbair

Ws 60F = 0.6219

Ws 60F= 0.01103 lbw v/lbair

Ws95F= 0.03697 lbw v/lbair Ws110F= 0.0591 lbw v/lbair

Find the enthalpy (i) of saturated air at atmospheric pressure and temperature of: a) b) c) d) 32F 60F 95F 110F

is = 0.240(t) + W(1061.2 + .444(t)) Btu/Lba

At 32 we found Ws 32F = 0.003789 lb wv/lb air So,
is 32F = 0.24(32) + (0.003789)[1061.2 + (.444)(32)]= 15.78 Btu/Lba is 60F = 0.24(60) + (0.01103 )[1061.2 + (.444)(60)]= 26.40 Btu/Lba is 95F = 0.24(95) + (0.03697)[1061.2 + (.444)(95)]= 63.59 Btu/Lba is 110F = 0.24(110) + (0.0591)[1061.2 + (.444)(110)]= 91.74 Btu/Lba

Find the humidity ratio (W), enthalpy (i), and specific volume (v) for saturated air at standard atmospheric pressure (p=14.696 lb/in2) at a temperature of 80F.

Solution t = 80F p = 14.696 lbm/in2 Pv =0.507 lbm/in2

= .
= 0.0222 lbv/lba

= .

. ..

use im = 0.240(t) + W(1061.2 + .444(t)) Btu/Lba

im = 0.240(80) + 0.0222(1061.2 + .444(80)) = 43.55 Btu/Lba

And, v = Ra T / Pa=[ 53.35(460 + 80)] / [(14.6965-0507)(144)] v = 13.61 ft3/lbm

THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

55
0.20 0.25 0.30 SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO = Qs / Qt

50

90 200 190 85

0.35 1.30 1.25 1.20 0.40 1.15 170 160 80 150 1.10

14.6

85

14.8

180

15.0

ted

BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.921 in. HG

and

mo ist

45

ure

as s ocia

55
0.45

14.4

- F

80

1.05 1.00

40

- Bt up er lb . of

TE MP ER AT UR E

dr y

air

HUMIDITY RATIO (or Specific Humidity) GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

WE TB

WE TB U LB

0.50

0.95 0.90

14.2

UL B

140

HA LPY

75

120 110

0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10

70

30

90

70

100 90

45

65

65

25

70

%
80

60

60

55

55

5
50

0%

60 50

15
45

50 45

40%

40 35

40

30%

40 30 35 30 20 25 20 10 0 115

35

10

30

32

20%
DITY TIVE HUMI 10% RELA

25

10 0 110

SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO = Qs / Qt

20

60

70

40

20 30 40 50 60
STANDARD AIR

30

0.05

70

Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com

80 DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - F

90

100

10

15 ENTHALPY - Btu per lb. of dry air and associated moisture

20

25

VAPOR PRESSURE - INCHES OF MERCURY

35

ENTHALPY - Btu per lb. of dry air and associated moisture

EN T

TEM PER ATU RE -

130

75

50

0.55

0.85

DEW POINT TEMPERATURE - F

14.0

13.8

80

13.6

13.4

13.2

13.0

12.8

12.6

75F db 60F wb

90F db 70F wb

90F db 60% RH

90F db, W=0.012

90F db 60% RH 72F db, 50% RH

Try these on your own:

a. 95F db, 70% RH find twb, Dew Point td, enthalpy (i), grains of moisture/lba b. 70F db, 55% RH find twb, Dew Point td, enthalpy (i), grains of moisture/lba c. Find the change () in enthalpy for air cooled from 90F, 60%RH to 70F, 50%RH in BTU/lba d. Find the grains of moisture removed from the air in c. above in lbs moisture/lba

a) 95F db, 70% RH twb = 86F, Dew Point td = 84F, enthalpy (i) = 51 BTU/lba, grains of moisture/lba = 177 b) 70F db, 55% RH twb =60F, td = 53F , enthalpy (i) = 26, grains of moisture/lba = 60
c) 41.8- 25.3 = 16.5 BTU/lba

d) 128.5 55 = 73.5 grains of moisture/lba 73.5/7000 = 0.0105 lb v/lba

Heating and cooling of moist air

When working with moist air, the water vapor must always be accounted for: For dry air we have: q = m a i2 - m a i1 For moist air we account for water vapor using the humidity ratio (W): i1 = ia1 + W1 iv1
and

i2 = ia2 + W2 iv1
Also:

cp = cpa + W cpv

Lets try one together

Find the heat transfer rate required to heat 1500 cfm (ft3/min) of air at 60 F and 90% RH to 110 F Without the addition of moisture.

To solve this problem we find point 1 on the chart at t=60F and RH =90%. Then we move horizontally along the humidity ratio line (W) until we get to t = 110 F (no moisture added so W remains constant). We then read the enthalpy (i) at each point.

60F db 90% RH To 110 F W constant

At point 1 (60F90RH) we find i1 = 25.1 BTU/lb At point 2 (110F Wconstant) we find i2= 37.4 BTU/lb

So we have: q = m(i2 - i1) All we need now is m: m=

cfm 60 1

1500 60 13.33 3/

= 6753 lbma/hr

We find v1 from the chart at point 1 as 13.33 ft3/lbma q = m(i2 - i1) = 6753 lbma/hr(37.4 BTU/lb- 25.1 BTU/lb)

q = 83,050 BTU/hr

COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING MOIST AIR When air is cooled and water vapor condenses we must account for the change in enthalpy and the heat lost in the exiting condensate (iw mw). Then q becomes: q = ma (i1 i2) ma (W1 W2) iw

Lets try a cooling/dehumidification example Moist air at 80F db and 67F wb is cooled to 58F db and 80% RH. Flow rate is 2000 cfm and condensed water vapor leaves at 60F. Find heat transfer rate. q = ma (i1 i2) ma (W1 W2) iw

W1 W2 = water vapor removed from air

We obtain the following values from the chart: v1 = 13.85 ft3/lbmi1= 31.4 Btu/lbm W1= 0.0112 lbmv/lbma
i2= 22.8 Btu/lbmW2= 0.0082 lbmv/lbma We can find iwfor the condensed water vapor from table A1a for liquid water at 60F as iw= 28 Btu/lbm ma =2000 (60)/13.85 = 8,646 lbm/hr

q = 8,646(31.4 22.8) 8,646 (0.0112 0.0082) 28 q = 73,629 Btu/hr

Cooling and Dehumidifying

Involves BOTH sensible AND latent heat transfer Sensible Heat: Decrease in DRY BULB temperature Latent Heat: Decrease in humidity ratio (W). qs = ma Cp(t2 t1)

ql = ma (W2 W1)ifg
Where ifg is latent heat of vaporization (1061 Btu/lb)

We can also say that: qs = ma (i3 i1) ql = ma (i2 i3)

Total heat transfer is therefore: qt= qs + ql Sensible heat factor (SHF) is:/
SHF can be positive or negative depending on whether qsand qlinvolve heat into the system (+) or heat out of the system (-)

Heating and Humidifying Moist Air

Heat Balance of device yields:

ma i1 + q + mwiw = ma i2
Where mw is mass of water added to system to humidify air and iw is enthalpy of added water

A mass balance yields: maW1+ mw= maW2

By combining both equations we get:

i/W = (q/mw) +
(2 1)/(W2 W1) = q/ [ma( W2-W2] +

Some Psychrometric charts contain SHF curves

60F, 20%RH to 110F, 35% RH [W1 =.002 to W2 =.0195

Given:

Q= 1600 cfm T1 = 60 F RH1 = 20%

Tw = 212F

T2 = 115F RH2 = 30%

First find enthalpy of injected water at 212F from table A-1a

iw(212F) = 1150.4 Btu/lbm We know that i/W = iw = 1150.4 Btu/lbm Next we find given state points 1 and 2 on the chart And locate i/W = 1150.4 Btu/lbm on the protractor scale as follows:

From this we can find ix = 29.2 Btu/lbm

Now that we have ix = 29.2 Btu/lbm we can find required heat transfer as:
q = ma (ix i1) ma can be found as: ma = Q(60)/v1 where, v1 = 13.16 from psych. Chart ma = 1600(60)/13.16 = 7296 lbm/hr
thus, q = ma (ix i1)= 7296(29.2-16.8) = 90,500 Btu/hr
and, mv = ma (W2 W1) = 7296(.0193-.0022) = 125 lbv/hr

Of course we could have done this mathematically

q = ma (i2 i1) ma (W1 W2) iw
q = 7296 (49.2 16.8) 7296 (.0193 .0022) 1150.4

q = 92,864 Btu/hr close enough for HVAC work!!

Adiabatic Mixing of Two Streams of Moist Air

Energy balance yields: ma1 i1 + ma2 i2 = ma3 i3 Mass balance on dry air yields: ma1 + ma2 = ma3 Mass balance on water vapor yields: ma1 W1 + ma2 W2 = ma3 W3

From the combine energy and mass balance we can derive the following useful equations:
ma1 W1+ ma2 W2 = ma3W3
( 2 - 3)/(3 - 1)= (W2 W3)/ (W3 W1) = ma1/ma2

We also see that:

W3 = W1+[(ma2 /ma3) ((W2 W1)]

To solve this problem mathematically we will use: W3 = W1 + [(ma2 / ma3) ((W2 W1)] We must first find ma1 , ma2 , ma3 Use chart 1a to find v1 and v2 at states given in problem. We find v1 = 13.2 ft3/lbma and v2 = 14.4 ft3/lbma ma1 = (1000)(60)/13.2 = 4542 lbma/hr ma2 = (2000)(60)/14.4 = 8332 lbma/hr ma3 = 4542 lbma/hr + 8332 lbma/hr = 12,874 lbma/hr

W3 = W1 + [(ma2 / ma3) ((W2 W1)] Now we have: ma1 = (1000)(60)/13.2 = 4542 lbma/hr ma2 = (2000)(60)/14.4 = 8332 lbma/hr Ma3 = 4542 lbma/hr + 8332 lbma/hr = 12,874 lbma/hr

so all we need now is W1 and W2 which are found on psych. charts as W1 = 0.0054 and W2 = 0.0103
W3 = 0.0054 + [(4542 / 12,874) (0.0103 0.0054)]

W3 =0.0103 lbmv/lbma

W3 can also be found graphically by the ratio of ma1/ ma2 here ma1/ ma2 = 2:1 so move 2/3 of the way along line to find point 3. Read W3

More about the usefulness of the Sensible Heat Factor (SHF)

We found that SHF = qs/(qs + ql) = qs/qt

Lets see how the SHF can be used in an example:

Find point 1 on chart, then draw a line on SHF chart at .8 and draw a line from center of SHF chart. Now draw a parallel line from point 1 until you hit 75F db. We now have point2.

We find v1 = 13.11 ft3/lbma 3/lbma from the chart Now we can find ma for Q=1500 cfm as: ma1 = (1000)(60)/13.11 = 6865 lbma/hr

We can also find i1= 21.6 Btu/lba and i2 = 27.8 Btu/lba

With this information we can now find qt as qt = ma (i2 i1)
qt = 6865 lbma/hr(27.8 Btu/lba 21.6 Btu/lba ) = 42,600 Btu/hr
We can also find q sensible as qs = qt(SHF) = 42,600 Btu/hr(.8)

Since we know that ql as qt = qs + ql knowing qt and qs we can easily find ql as qt qs or: ql = 42,600 Btu/hr - 6865 lbma/hr (.8) = 8,500 Btu/hr